pharma

Question 1

traditional drug definition

Answer 1

• any substance that alters the physiology of the body

Question 2

contemporary drug definition

Answer 2

• any substance that alters the physiology of the body
• NOT food

Question 3

user intention for drugs

Answer 3

• the intent on the usage matters
• food is to fuel the body
• drugs alter the body
• this causes a grey area on the definition of drugs

Question 4

the 4 names of drugs

Answer 4

• chem
• generic
• trade
• street

Question 5

can intoxicating effects go up and down

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

tolerance

Answer 6

• tolerance to specific drug effects or events

Question 7

primary v. secondary effects

Answer 7

• prim: the main side effect
• sec: other side effects from the drug

Question 8

drug dosages

Answer 8

• mg/kg

Question 9

therapeutic index, ED, LD

Answer 9

• TI = LD/ED
• ED: effect dose (how much u give to see the effect)
• LD: lethal dose (how much u can give before death)
• ratio
• look to see how much someone can get before a lethal dose and if it’s effective

Question 10

potency

Answer 10

• how much of that drug is needed

Question 11

effectiveness

Answer 11

• how effective the drug is

Question 12

drug interactions

Answer 12

• one drug that can cancel, increase, or decrease the effect of another drug

Question 13

super added interaction

Answer 13

• effects are greater than adding the 2 doses together

Question 14

antaganizing interactions

Answer 14

• stop or minimizes the effects of the drug

Question 15

pharmacokinetics

Answer 15

• pharam = relating to drugs
• kintetic = relating to movement
• how the drug is absorbed, how it moves around the system, what the body does

Question 16

how the drug moves through the body

Answer 16

• absorption
• distribution
• elimination

Question 17

administration

Answer 17

• parenteral (outside the digestive tract)
• intravenous (inside the vein)
• intraperitoneal (within the peritoneal space)
• intramuscular (in the muscle)
• subcutaneous (under the skin)
• inhalation
• oral
• dermal

Question 18

peritoneal space

Answer 18

• the fluid filled space in and around organs

Question 19

distribution

Answer 19

• how drugs move throughout the body

Question 20

important factors in distribution

Answer 20

• lipid (fat) solubility (easily absorded and kept longer)
• ionization (drug carries a charge and has a hard time travelling)
• distribution to the central nervous system (blood ring barrier prevents non liquid soluable substances)
• active and passive transport (p = right molecule can just go through, a = drug enters through a transporter)
• protein binding
• placental barrier (drugs pass very quickly)

Question 21

elimination

routes

Answer 21

• exhalation
• sweat
• urine
• feces

Question 22

elimination

liver

Answer 22

• converts the drug molecules into another substance
• 1st pass metabolism = before the drug can have a primary effect, it will be broken down

Question 23

elimination

kidney

Answer 23

• filter the blood and only allow desired substance to remain
• kidneys maintain the balance between salt and water in your bloodstream
• nephrons will filter everything out

Question 24

elimination

rate of elimination

Answer 24

• fast = drug isnt in system long
• slow = drug is in system long
• the curve of elimination is determined by half life
• 1st order elimination = downwards curve slope and follows half lives
• 0 order elimination = removes linearly, in a striaght line that does not follow the half life rule

Question 25

drug metabolism

key factors

Answer 25

• species
• age
• gender
• prior exposure to the drug
• depression of an enzyme or enzymes

Question 26

can absorption, elimination, and distribution overlap?

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

theraputeutic window

Answer 27

• the point that finds balance between drug effectiveness and minimal side effects