drug research Flashcards
1
Q
john b watson
A
- behaviour psyo
- taking psyo from sudo-sci (write down thoughts and reflect) to proving things (behaviour)
2
Q
ivan pavlov
A
- classical conditioning
- stimuli in the world that causes certain responses
- the dogs
3
Q
b.f. skinner
A
- operant conditioning
- reinforcement - more likely to happen
- punishment - less likely to happen
- +’ve - giving
- -‘ve - taking away
- primary reinforcer - what we need
- secondary reinforcer - what we want
- fixed - reinforcer shows up consistently
- varied - reinforcer shows up within a range of numbers
- interval/ratio - # of responses being given
4
Q
chlorpromazine
A
- ## an anti psychotic drug that proved to be effective
5
Q
conditioned avoidance response
A
- the learned behavior to not get a certian treatment
6
Q
experiment
A
- an attempt to find a relationship between at least 2 events or variables where at least 1 independent and at least 1 is dependent
7
Q
drug effect
A
- measured change in behaviour after a drug has been given
8
Q
within subject experiments
A
- all individuals experience all experimental conditions
- subject serves as their own control group
- can observe drug effects in each participant individually
- fewer participants needed for stat. power
- data collection may take longer
9
Q
between subjects experiments
A
- each participant must be randomly assigned to one test group or condition
- exposure (or not) to the drug is systematically manipulated between groups
- subjects compared at the level of their group or condition
- requires more participants for stat. power
- data collection may be faster
10
Q
drug expectancy effects
A
- ppl will get the drug and they will have the effects from the drug that they think they should have
11
Q
placebo control
A
- aims to eliminate possibility that method of administration is producing observed behaviour changes rather than the drug
- combats drug expectancy effects
12
Q
balanced placebo experimental design
A
- 2x2 factorial experiment designed to manipulate expectations as well as drug presence
- can then isolte the expectancy effect
13
Q
three group experimental design
A
- group 1 = drug of interest
- group 2 = placebo
- group 3 = established drug (a drug that is already known)
- look to see if the placebo is good or not
14
Q
correlational designs
A
- no manipulation of an independent variable
- measure 2 variables and use stats to see if there is sig covariance between the 2
- cannot determine cause and effect
15
Q
qualitative studies
A
- no inferential stat. analysis - but still valuable
- may observe drug use in its most natural context
16
Q
informal/introspective
A
- “psychonaut” - one who explores their mind (often) through self administration of drugs
- not sci or particularly safe in many cases
17
Q
unconditioned behaviours
non human animals
A
- motor activity (moving, eating, drinking, ect)
- spontaneous motor activity (moves around more when on drug (Stim), move around less (depressant)) in an open field test
18
Q
open field test
A
- box marked off into squares of equal area
- count # of lines crossed in a fixed period of time when the animal is/is not under the influence of a drug
19
Q
measuring anxiolytic effects - the elevayed plus maze
A
- narroe baords shaped like a cross, 2 arms have walls and hte other 2 do not
- rats spend most of the time near walls (fear of expisure to predators)
- anti-anxiety drugs lead to more time on unprotected arms
20
Q
measuring analegsic effects - paw lick latency
A
- rats on metal surface heated to 50 degrees celsius
- dont react at first. After a few seconds, raise hind paw to mouth to lick it
- record how long it takes for that to happen
- drug liek morphine increase latency
21
Q
measuring drugs that cause/cure catalepsy - the bar test and ring test
A
- catalepsy - muscle regnerativey
- put the rat on a ring or bar above the water and time how long they stay on (while on the drug)
22
Q
measuring antipsychotic drug effect - the avoidance/escape task
A
- supression of conditioned avoidance (but not escape) response indicates efficacy of antipsychotic (bit not anxioltyic or antidepressant) drug
23
Q
measuring anxiolytic drugs - learned responses to punishment
A
steps:
1. train a behaviour with a +’ve reinforcer in a skinner box
2. introduce a +’ve punishment for that behaviour to suppress the response
3. administer an anxiolytic drug
4. measure the # of behaviours. Effective anti-anxiety drugs tend to increase responding
24
Q
measuring abuse potential of drugs - conditioned place preference
A
- box with 2 distinct halves separated by partition
- rats confined to 1/2 following drug exposure
- rats later injected with placebo in other 1/2
- test phase: partition removed and rats is allowed to wander; time spent in each 1/2 recorded
- strength of preference determined by time spent in drug 1/2
25
Q
measuring addiction-treating drug self administration task
A
- animal can self administer IV drug
- exposure to addiction treating drug or punishment (shock) may reduce cocaine seeking measured as the # of bar presses after receiving naltrexone
- a long history of drug taking can make the operant response relatively immune to punishment
26
Q
absolute threshold
A
- lowest level of stim (visual, auditory, tactile) that can be reliably detected
27
Q
difference threshold
A
- smallest unit of difference in stim that can be reliably detected (JND)
- increase threshold (less sensitive); decrease threshold (more sensitive)
28
Q
critical frequency of fusion (CFF)
A
- frequency at which a flickering light appears to be constantly illuminated (indicates how well visual system is working)
29
Q
reaction time
A
- respond as rapidly as possible when stim appears
30
Q
body sway
A
- stand upright, feet together, body rigid; index of balance and ability to stand still without swaying or losing balance
31
Q
pursuit rotor
A
- hold the end of a stylus on a point on rotating disk
- hand-eye coordination
32
Q
attention and memory tests (4)
A
- mackworth clock tracking test (attention)
- N-Back task (short term memory)
- free recall (long term memory)
- cued recall (long term memory)
33
Q
exceutive functions and complex behaviour
A
- go-no go/go-stop tasks (response inhibition)
- driving tasks (complex real-world behaviour)
34
Q
discriminative stimulus
A
- helps to tell 2 situations apart
- ppl and animals can often tell when they have been drugged
35
Q
self report paradigm
discriminative stimulus
A
- person indicate how they feel (subjective) under influence of a drug
36
Q
behavioural paradigm
discriminative stimulus
A
- 2 levers to press (A and B)
- on days when rat is injected with a drug, presses on A, not B, are reinforced
- on days when rat is injected with saline, presses on B, not A, are reinforced
- rats use internal state as cue for which lever to press
37
Q
substitue test
discriminative stimulus
A
- inject animal with a different drug
- if animal presses lever A, then the 2 drugs are experienced similarly by the rat
- a way to measure subjective drug experiences in non verbal animals
38
Q
state-dependent learning
A
- drug administration acts as a discriminative stim
- information learned in 1 state may not be easily recalled in another state
39
Q
reinforcing property of a drug indication of its potiential for abuse
abuse liability of drugs
A
- stronger reinforcers = higher rates of responding = higher abuse liability
- complications with rate of repsonding:
- duration of action - short acting drugs administratered at higher rate than long acting drugs
- drugs interfere with ability to make a reposnse - pentobarbital is self administered, but puts user to sleep; rate of response low despite drug being highly reinforcing
40
Q
drug self administration tasks
abuse liability of drugs
A
- drugs are administered orally or intravenously
- then, susing a FR schedule
- active (drug reinforced lever) vs. inactive (non-drug or saline lever)
- lever press response infuse drug into the animal
- relative increase in responding to drug lever suggests greater abuse liability
- increases to both levers suggest motor stim
41
Q
progressive ratio reinforcement on drug self adminstration task
abuse liability of drugs
A
- schedule of reinforcement where response reuirement (# lever presses) to obtain a reinforcer increases with each successive reinforcer
- breakpoint: stop responding when reach a ration requirement that is slightly higher than the value of the reinforcer
42
Q
drug choice paradigms
abuse liability of drugs
A
- operant chamber (skinner box) with 2 levers; associate drug A with 1 lever and drug B with the other
- test for preference: both levers available, presses on each lever produce the respective drug
- prediction: animal will show a preference (> lever presses) for the drug that is more reinforcing higher abuse liability
