expectation/sensation/tolerance Flashcards
1
Q
learning
A
- any relatively permanent change in functioning that results from experience
2
Q
non associative learning
A
- sensitization (increase in response because of an experience)
- habituation (behaviour decreases frequency because of a non sensitive experience and at the cellular level)
3
Q
tolerance
A
- a decrease in drug effect with repeated administration of the same dose
- an increase in the dose required to produce an effect as intense as 1 produced by earlier doses
- difference drug effects often develop tolerance at difference rates and goes away at different rates
- some effects may never develop any tolerance
- developes to the effect of the drug, not the whole drug
4
Q
acute
tolerance - types
A
- happens fast or in an initial dose
5
Q
pharmacokinetics
tolerance - types
A
- the metabolic pathway breaking down
- an increase in the rate or ability of a body to metabolize it
6
Q
pharmacodynamic
tolerance - types
A
- the effects of the drugs are reduced by physiological changes that our bodies make cause of the drug
- upregulation: if a drug blocks receptor sites, neurons will increase the # of receptor sites
- downregulation: if a drug stimulates receptor sites, neurons will reduce receptor affinity (the ability to bind to a receptor) or the # of receptors
7
Q
functional disturbance
tolerance - types
A
- instances where the event of the drug causes a noticeable disruption from homeostasis that has some kind of consequences for us as an organism
8
Q
behavioural
tolerance - types
A
- organism will learn (after many exposures) to function reasonably well under doses of exposure (compared to someone who had never taken that pill before)
9
Q
tolerance break (or t-break)
A
- body can lose its tolerance if the drug use starts to stop
- helps reduce the side effects of a drug
10
Q
sensitization (reverse tolerance)
A
- less common than tolerance
- an increase in a drug effect after repeat administration
- more persistent and harder to get rid of
shown in 2 ways:
1. repeated administration in a specific enviroment shows sensitization that disappears or dissipates when given in a different enviroment
2. environment will act as a conditioned stimulus for a drug like response
11
Q
cross - sensitization
sensitization
A
- being sensitized to 1 drug, it will have the same sensitized effect on another drug
12
Q
withdrawal
A
- are physiological changes that occur when the use of a drug is stopped or the dosage is decreased
- get symptoms to stop - reintroduce the same drug or a similar one
13
Q
CNS depressants and CNS stimulants
withdrawal
A
- depressants - produce withdrawal syndrome char by CNS hyperexcitability (anxiety, tremors, seizures, sweating, nausea, and vomiting)
- stim - produce withdrawal syndrome char by CNS hypoexcitability (depression, lethargy)
14
Q
physical depence
withdrawal
A
- body has learned to expect drug presence (homeostasis)
- the state where withdrawal symptoms will occur when a drug is discontinued
- not the same thing as addiction
15
Q
cross dependence
withdrawal
A
- whenever drug A stops withdrawal symptoms causes by drug B
- methadone as a replacement for heroin
16
Q
opponent process theory
A
- A process (alpha) (the initial pleasurable state) is followed by later B process (beta) (compensatory unpleasant state)
- B process cancels out A process
- B process last longer, when A ends, B dominates = withdrawal
- with repeated use: B process intensifies, begins sooner, lasts longer
17
Q
hangover and withdrawal
opponent process theory
A
- hangover: compensatory response after a single administartion
- withdrawal: compensatory response after many repeated administrations
18
Q
conditioning of drug effects
A
- most of the time a conditioned drug effect will be opposite of the drug effect
- in the presence of a drug (A process), effect of a conditioned response will be the attention of the drug effect (A and B process)
- in the absence of a drug (no A process), effect of conditioned response will be symptoms of withdrawal and cravings (B process)
19
Q
novel enviroments
expectancy
A
- drugs have a greater activating effect when given in a novel enviroment
- drug sensitization is faster and stronger when the drug is administered in a novel enviroment
20
Q
classical conditioning of withdrawal explains drug craving
A
- withdrawal is intensified in the presence of stimuli that usually signal drug is coming (B process alone)
- exposure to enviromental cues while drug abstinent can trigger withdrawal symptoms (increases risk to relapse into addiction and/or dependence)
- conditioning effects will only dissipate through repeated extinction learning
