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Pharmacology > Pharm Week 1 > Flashcards

Pharm Week 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Describe pharmacodynamics.

A

What does the drug do to the body?

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1
Q

Describe pharmacokinetics.

A

What does the body do to the drug?

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2
Q

Define absorption.

A

Movement of the drug from the site administration to the bloodstream.

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3
Q

Define distribution.

A

Movement of the drug from bloodstream to fluids and tissues of the body.

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4
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The breakdown of the parent drug to the metabolites.

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5
Q

Describe excretion.

A

The process by which the drug is eliminated by the body.

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6
Q

What are routes of administration?

A

IV, oral, buccal, transdermal, sublingual, rectal, inhalation, nasal, topical, ophthalmic, IM, Intradermal, intrathecal

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7
Q

Describe parenteral.

A

Any route other than oral. Primarily IV

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8
Q

How can a membrane affect absorption?

A

Channels/ Pores
transport systems
direct penetration - lipid soluble (fastest)

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9
Q

Describe bioavailability.

A

Amount of drug available in the bloodstream after absorption.

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10
Q

How is absorption affected by pH?

A

pH can affect the ionization of a drug, changing its ability to cross membranes. (uncharged compounds cross membranes more easily)

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11
Q

What 3 routes give 100% bioavailability?

A

IV, IM, SubQ

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12
Q

What factors affect bioavailability?

A 
Route.
Food.
Age - skin
Environment - heat
Bowel resection
Certain medical conditions - GI issues (diarrhea, constipation, Chrone's)
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13
Q

What is the clinical relevance of bioavailability?

A

It explains why some drugs given orally must be higher doses than those given IV.

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14
Q

What is volume of distribution?

A

The percent of drug in the tissues compared to drug in the bloodstream.

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15
Q

How does blood brain barrier influence distribution?

A

Must be lipid soluble to cross the barrier

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16
Q

How does the placental barrier affect distribution?

A

Drugs must be lipid soluble to cross the placenta

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17
Q

How does breast milk affect distribution?

A

Drugs can easily get into breast milk. Be careful!

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18
Q

How do blood proteins affect distribution?

A

The binding of drugs to proteins (such as albumin) will reduce their bioavailability.

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19
Q

How does fluid composition affect distribution?

A

Neonates and small children have higher fluid composition than older people, and hydrophilic drugs stay in that water longer (higher volume of distribution, needing a larger dose)

20
Q

Describe half life.

A

The time it takes for a drug to be reduced by 50% in the blood. Not dose dependent.

21
Q

What variables affect clearance?

A

Age - metabolism differences.
Gender - metabolism such as women and alcohol
Interacting Meds - competition
Ethnicity/Genetics/Heredity - difference in enzymes and metabolism
Health - liver diseases, renal diseases, CHF

22
Q

How many half lives does it take to clear a drug?

A

3-5

23
Q

Define therapeutic window/index?

A

The concentration range at which the drug is safe and effective, while not reaching toxic levels.

24
Q

Describe minimal effective concentration.

A

The minimal amount of drug in the serum to elicit the desired effects.

25
Q

Describe the maximal safe concentration.

A

The maximum level of drug serum concentration before toxicity occurs.

26
Q

Describe toxicity.

A

Serious or unexpected adverse drug reactions that typically happen above the maximum safe concentration.

27
Q

Describe duration of action.

A

The length of time that a drug will have a pharmalogical affect.

28
Q

Describe steady state.

A

The point at which drug input equals drug output.

29
Q

How many half lives does it take to reach steady state?

A

5

30
Q

Describe onset of action.

A

The point at which blood levels reach the therapeutic range.

31
Q

Describe adverse drug reactions (ADRs).

A

An umbrella term to describe a variety of effects not desirable from the drug.

32
Q

Describe an adverse effect, or side effect.

A

An undesired effect from a drug, usually dose dependent and depends on the mechanism of action. Related to how the drug works.

33
Q

Describe an exaggerated effect.

A

When a drugs effects exceed what is desired. Example: BP meds bottoming out your blood pressure.

34
Q

Describe an allergic reaction.

A

An immune response, antibodies are produced, includes drug class.

35
Q

Describe anaphylactic shock.

A

Life threatening allergic reaction.

36
Q

Describe a pseudo-allergic drug response.

A

These resemble an allergic response, but no antibodies are released. Histamines are released.

37
Q

Describe an intollerance.

A

An ADR that bothers the patient enough that the drugs usefulness is not desired.

38
Q

Describe linear kinetics.

A

Changes in dosage will result in proportional serum levels. True for most drugs.

39
Q

Describe Michaelis-Menten kinetics.

A

Dosage passes saturation and no longer proportionally affects serum levels. Very hard to deal with, but is less common.

40
Q

What are examples of high risk drugs?

A

Drugs with narrow therapeutic windows
Lots of side effects
Lots of allergic reactions

41
Q

Who might be a high risk patient?

A

Neonates
Elderly
Malnourished
Diseases: Uncontrolled Diabetes, Epilepsy, Liver disease, heart disease, arrhythmias, co-morbidity

42
Q

Describe a high risk patient.

A

A patient who would be least likely to tolerate an ADR or loss of efficacy.

43
Q

What is the receptor theory?

A

The idea that a drug produces an effect by combining with a molecular constituent.

44
Q

What is an agonist?

A

A drug that mimics a natural compound by binding with a receptor and stimulating a cellular response.

45
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

A drug that binds with a receptor, blocking it and preventing cellular stimulation.

46
Q

Describe affinity.

A

It is the strength of attraction between a drug and a receptor, measuring the tightness of its bond. A higher affinity would more likely result in a response.

47
Q

Describe selectivity.

A

Refers to the degree to which a drug acts on a site as opposed to all other possible sites. Usually, the more selective, the less adverse responses.

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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