Pharm Week 1

Question 0

Describe pharmacodynamics.

Answer 0

What does the drug do to the body?

Question 1

Describe pharmacokinetics.

Answer 1

What does the body do to the drug?

Question 2

Define absorption.

Answer 2

Movement of the drug from the site administration to the bloodstream.

Question 3

Define distribution.

Answer 3

Movement of the drug from bloodstream to fluids and tissues of the body.

Question 4

What is metabolism?

Answer 4

The breakdown of the parent drug to the metabolites.

Question 5

Describe excretion.

Answer 5

The process by which the drug is eliminated by the body.

Question 6

What are routes of administration?

Answer 6

IV, oral, buccal, transdermal, sublingual, rectal, inhalation, nasal, topical, ophthalmic, IM, Intradermal, intrathecal

Question 7

Describe parenteral.

Answer 7

Any route other than oral. Primarily IV

Question 8

How can a membrane affect absorption?

Answer 8

Channels/ Pores
transport systems
direct penetration - lipid soluble (fastest)

Question 9

Describe bioavailability.

Answer 9

Amount of drug available in the bloodstream after absorption.

Question 10

How is absorption affected by pH?

Answer 10

pH can affect the ionization of a drug, changing its ability to cross membranes. (uncharged compounds cross membranes more easily)

Question 11

What 3 routes give 100% bioavailability?

Answer 11

IV, IM, SubQ

Question 12

What factors affect bioavailability?

Answer 12

Route.
Food.
Age - skin
Environment - heat
Bowel resection
Certain medical conditions - GI issues (diarrhea, constipation, Chrone's)

Question 13

What is the clinical relevance of bioavailability?

Answer 13

It explains why some drugs given orally must be higher doses than those given IV.

Question 14

What is volume of distribution?

Answer 14

The percent of drug in the tissues compared to drug in the bloodstream.

Question 15

How does blood brain barrier influence distribution?

Answer 15

Must be lipid soluble to cross the barrier

Question 16

How does the placental barrier affect distribution?

Answer 16

Drugs must be lipid soluble to cross the placenta

Question 17

How does breast milk affect distribution?

Answer 17

Drugs can easily get into breast milk. Be careful!

Question 18

How do blood proteins affect distribution?

Answer 18

The binding of drugs to proteins (such as albumin) will reduce their bioavailability.

Question 19

How does fluid composition affect distribution?

Answer 19

Neonates and small children have higher fluid composition than older people, and hydrophilic drugs stay in that water longer (higher volume of distribution, needing a larger dose)

Question 20

Describe half life.

Answer 20

The time it takes for a drug to be reduced by 50% in the blood. Not dose dependent.

Question 21

What variables affect clearance?

Answer 21

Age - metabolism differences.
Gender - metabolism such as women and alcohol
Interacting Meds - competition
Ethnicity/Genetics/Heredity - difference in enzymes and metabolism
Health - liver diseases, renal diseases, CHF

Question 22

How many half lives does it take to clear a drug?

Answer 22

3-5

Question 23

Define therapeutic window/index?

Answer 23

The concentration range at which the drug is safe and effective, while not reaching toxic levels.

Question 24

Describe minimal effective concentration.

Answer 24

The minimal amount of drug in the serum to elicit the desired effects.

Question 25

Describe the maximal safe concentration.

Answer 25

The maximum level of drug serum concentration before toxicity occurs.

Question 26

Describe toxicity.

Answer 26

Serious or unexpected adverse drug reactions that typically happen above the maximum safe concentration.

Question 27

Describe duration of action.

Answer 27

The length of time that a drug will have a pharmalogical affect.

Question 28

Describe steady state.

Answer 28

The point at which drug input equals drug output.

Question 29

How many half lives does it take to reach steady state?

Answer 29

5

Question 30

Describe onset of action.

Answer 30

The point at which blood levels reach the therapeutic range.

Question 31

Describe adverse drug reactions (ADRs).

Answer 31

An umbrella term to describe a variety of effects not desirable from the drug.

Question 32

Describe an adverse effect, or side effect.

Answer 32

An undesired effect from a drug, usually dose dependent and depends on the mechanism of action. Related to how the drug works.

Question 33

Describe an exaggerated effect.

Answer 33

When a drugs effects exceed what is desired. Example: BP meds bottoming out your blood pressure.

Question 34

Describe an allergic reaction.

Answer 34

An immune response, antibodies are produced, includes drug class.

Question 35

Describe anaphylactic shock.

Answer 35

Life threatening allergic reaction.

Question 36

Describe a pseudo-allergic drug response.

Answer 36

These resemble an allergic response, but no antibodies are released. Histamines are released.

Question 37

Describe an intollerance.

Answer 37

An ADR that bothers the patient enough that the drugs usefulness is not desired.

Question 38

Describe linear kinetics.

Answer 38

Changes in dosage will result in proportional serum levels. True for most drugs.

Question 39

Describe Michaelis-Menten kinetics.

Answer 39

Dosage passes saturation and no longer proportionally affects serum levels. Very hard to deal with, but is less common.

Question 40

What are examples of high risk drugs?

Answer 40

Drugs with narrow therapeutic windows Lots of side effects Lots of allergic reactions

Question 41

Who might be a high risk patient?

Answer 41

Neonates Elderly Malnourished Diseases: Uncontrolled Diabetes, Epilepsy, Liver disease, heart disease, arrhythmias, co-morbidity

Question 42

Describe a high risk patient.

Answer 42

A patient who would be least likely to tolerate an ADR or loss of efficacy.

Question 43

What is the receptor theory?

Answer 43

The idea that a drug produces an effect by combining with a molecular constituent.

Question 44

What is an agonist?

Answer 44

A drug that mimics a natural compound by binding with a receptor and stimulating a cellular response.

Question 45

What is an antagonist?

Answer 45

A drug that binds with a receptor, blocking it and preventing cellular stimulation.

Question 46

Describe affinity.

Answer 46

It is the strength of attraction between a drug and a receptor, measuring the tightness of its bond. A higher affinity would more likely result in a response.

Question 47

Describe selectivity.

Answer 47

Refers to the degree to which a drug acts on a site as opposed to all other possible sites. Usually, the more selective, the less adverse responses.