Pharm Review

Question 1

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

Question 2

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

• dose response and maximal efficacy
• onset/peak/duration
• receptor theory
• agonist vs antagonists

Question 3

Categories of drug action

Answer 3

• Stimulation or depression
• replacement
• inhibition or killing of organisms
• irritation

Question 4

Loafing dose

Answer 4

A large initial dose to achieve an immediate response of a drug

Question 5

Therapeutic dose

Answer 5

A safe range dosing for a patient that is effective for them

Question 6

Safe vs toxic dose

Answer 6

Therapeutic index=LD/ED

- the closer the number is to 1, the greater the danger of toxicity

Question 7

MEC

Answer 7

Minimum effective concentration

Question 8

Antagonist

Answer 8

Drugs that block a response

Question 9

Agonist

Answer 9

Drugs that produce a response

Question 10

Additive

Answer 10

An effect in which two substances or actions used in combination produce a total effect the same as the sum of the individual effects

Question 11

Synergistic

Answer 11

Enhancing the effect of another force or agent

Question 12

Side effects

Answer 12

Physiologic effects not related to desired drug effects. Can be desirable, or undesirable

Question 13

Adverse effects

Answer 13

More severe than side effects, they are unintended effects of drugs
- always undesirable

Question 14

1st gen. NSAIDS

Answer 14

-Toradol,Motrin,
-can inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors
SE:gastric irritation

Question 15

2nd gen. NSAIDS

Answer 15

Can inhibit just COX-2

Question 16

Controlled substance schedule

Answer 16

Scale of 1-5

-1 being the most addictive and have no medical use in United States to five which have low potential for addiction

Question 17

Category A

Answer 17

No risk to fetus, studies have not shown evidence of fetal harm

Question 18

Category B

Answer 18

No risk in animal studies, and well controlled studies in pregnant women are available
-it is assumed there is little to no risk to fetus

Question 19

Category C

Answer 19

Animal studies indicate a risk to the fetus, controlled studies on pregnant women are not available
- risk vs benefit must be determined

Question 20

Category D

Answer 20

A risk to the human fetus has been proved

• risk vs benefit must be determined
• can be used in life threatening conditions

Question 21

Category X

Answer 21

A risk to the human fetus has been proved

-risk outweighs benefit and drug must be avoided

Question 22

Phase 1

Answer 22

Look at med in healthy people

Question 23

Phase 2

Answer 23

Look at med in small population of people with disease

Question 24

Phase 3

Answer 24

Look at ethnic groups

Question 25

Stage 4

Answer 25

Look at long term effect

Question 26

Single blind

Answer 26

Only Doctor knows

Question 27

Double blind

Answer 27

Neither doctor or patients knows

Question 28

Triple blind

Answer 28

No connection between Doctor patient or third party

Question 29

Open label

Answer 29

Everybody knows

Question 30

Nurses role of study

Answer 30

- patient advocate - know your own beliefs - recruitment - education - data collection

Question 31

Amphetamines

Answer 31

- increase wakefulness in narcolepsy - decrease hyperactivity of ADHD - SE/AR: sleeplessness, irritability, anorexia, cardiovascular problems - Adderall, Ritalin, vyvanse - NI: monitor vitals, evaluate height and weight in children, drugs before meals

Question 32

Benzodiazepines

Answer 32

- Better/kinder hypnotics(no longer than four weeks) - schedule 4 - benzos for anxiety: Xanax - antidote:flumazenil(Romazicon) - sedition hypnotics for inducing sleep or for anxiety - NI: monitor vitals especially respirations and BP

Question 33

IV anesthetics

Answer 33

- may be used for general/induction stage of anesthesia | - rapid onset, short duration

Question 34

NSAIDS/Tylenol/Opioids

Answer 34

- inhibit prostaglandins(fever reducer,relieve pain,inhibit platelet aggregation - SE: gastric irritation, bleeding - NI:observe for bleeding,avoid alcohol

Question 35

Opioids

Answer 35

- narcotics for pain - SE:respiratory depression, orthostatic hypotension, tolerance and dependence, withdrawal symptoms - NI: respiratory status and BP - antidote for morphine: Naloxone(Narcan)

Question 36

Penicillins

Answer 36

- one of the oldest antibiotics - broad and narrow spectrum - AR: superinfection - NI: check C&S BEFORE drugs are given, monitor closely during first dose, increase fluid - 1 hour before meal 2 hours after

Question 37

Cephalosporins

Answer 37

-cousins to penicillins(10% of people with allergy to penicillins are allergic to cephalosporins too

Question 38

Macrolides

Answer 38

- broad soectrum(Azithromycin) for reapiratory infections | - vancomycin for staphylococcal infections like MRSA

Question 39

Drugs for urinary disorders

Answer 39

- nitrofurantoin: broad spectrum - methenamine: bactericidal when urine ph under 5.5 for chronic UTI's - thrimethroprim: used alone or in combination with fluoroquinolones - analgesics: relieve pain and burning sensation - antispasmodics: relieve spasms of smooth muscle - antimuscarinics: control overactive bladder

Question 40

Pharmaceutic

Answer 40

Disintegration and solution