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Pharm quiz 2 Flashcards

Pharmacokinetics & pharmacodynamics

1
Q

What is the most you should give per an IM injection?

A

3cc/ 3 ml

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2
Q

When should you not give a patient oral medication?

A

if they are vomiting, sedated, NPO (not my mouth), or unconscious.

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3
Q

Define pharmacokinetics.

A

PK is what the BODY does to the drug, how the drug moves into, through and out of the body
A.D.M.E.

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4
Q

ADME

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination

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5
Q

Define Pharmacodynamics

A

PD is what the DRUG does to the body, or how the drug works. how a medication changes the body to produce a therapeutic affect

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6
Q

Describe absorption

A

how will the drug get into the body

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7
Q

Describe distribution

A

Where the drug goes in the body. physiological movement of drugs from circulation to tissue.

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8
Q

Describe Metabolism

A

How the drug is broken down (liver)

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9
Q

Describe Elimination

A

How the drug leaves the body

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10
Q

Passive transport

A

molecules move thru the plasma membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, Small, non-ionized, lipid soluble molecules

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11
Q

What must drugs cross in order to produce an effect?

A

The plasma membrane (lipid bi-layer)

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12
Q

What is another name for passive transport?

A

Diffusion

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13
Q

Active transport

A

Chemicals move against concentration or electrochemical gradient. Large, ionized , water soluble molecules/ have difficulty bypassing the lips bi-layer

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14
Q

What kind of energy does active transport require?

A

ATP

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15
Q

what is the primary PK factor that determines the time for the drug to produce an effect?

A

Absorption

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16
Q

what factors can effect absorption?

A

dosage other drugs
Route of administration certain foods
size of drug molecules laxatives/herbals
surface area of absorption site
digestive motility (diarrhea)
Blood flow
Lipid solubility of the drug

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17
Q

What gets more blood flow? Deltoid or glute?

A

Deltoid

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18
Q

Why does grapefruit interact with most drugs?

A

the chemicals in grapefruit cause your body to absorb either too much or not enough medicine into the bloodstream. Can destroy CYTOCHROME P-450

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19
Q

Describe what cations such as calcium (found in supps, anti-acids, dairy) do to inhibit drug absorption.

A

they bind (chelate) tetracycline abx and inhibit absorption

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20
Q

what herbal drug can decrease the effectiveness of Coumadin?

A

St. John’s wart

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21
Q

Name some factors that effect distribution of a drug.

A

Membrane permeability
Tissue affinity
Volume of distribution
Protein binding

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22
Q

what does the BBB (Blood Brain Barrier) do?

A

It is a protective mechanism for the brain that not all medications can pass through

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23
Q

Fetal-Placental Barriers

A

Protect fetus.

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24
Q

What are some things that can get through the bbb?

A

Alcohol

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25
metabolism of medications
chemically converts drugs so that they can easily be removed from the body
26
Where is the primary site of metabolism of medications?
Liver
27
What type of drugs pass through the liver First?
Oral medications
28
how does the liver metabolize a drug?
they metabolize oral drugs before they reach central circulation
29
Name a drug that is ONLY given sublingually
Nitro
30
Name two drugs that can NOT be given orally
Nitro and Insulin
31
First Pass Metabolism
"First passage" of frug through the liver, after it is absorbed from the GI tract
32
How does the first pass metabolism travel?
From the portal vein to the liver
33
describe how a blood travels to reach its target tissue through oral medication
Travels through esophagus to the stomach where some acid breaks down the drug. The drug then travels to the small intestines where some will continue on to be excreted, and the rest will travel through the portal vein back up to the liver, where it will be metabolized and then travel to the heart and get disbursed through circulation of the body
34
a drug that is inactive until it has been metabolized into active metabolites
a pro-drug
35
bioavailability
how fast it gets into the bloodstream
36
describe how a sublingual, buccal, vagina, rectal drug is absorbed
they dissolve into the mucous membrane which goes directly into the systemic blood stream, traveling straight to the brain and other organs (skips first pass )
37
name some variables that affect bioavailability of a drug
grapefruit juice Liver disease cirrhosis
38
name the hepatic enzyme that is primarily responsible for the metabolism of a drug
Cytochrome P-450
39
factors that can affect metabolism of drug
Age (infants and elderly have less active liver enzymes) Chronic illness (liver disease) Genomics
40
name the primary organ or excretion
kidneys
41
toxic concentration
level of drug that can produce serious adverse affects
42
therapeutic range
Goal, where you want a drug to be (SWEET SPOT)
43
minumum effective concentration
amount needed to produce a therapeutic affect
44
Plasma half-life
length of time needed to decrease blood plasma concentration by one half (t1/2)
45
examples of filtration
free drugs, water-soluble agents, electrolytes, small molecules
46
examples of secretion
drug-protein complexes, large substances
47
Name some non renal routes of excretion
``` biliard (fever) pulmonary salivary mammary skin/dermal gastrointestinal genital ```
48
Half life
the time it takes for the concentration of a drug in your system to drop by 50% (1/2)
49
greater half life equals?
greater the time it takes to excrete
50
Loading Dose
large initial dose of a drug to get levels up faster in order to reach therapeutic level
51
therapeutic index
measure of a drugs safety margin . the higher the value, the safer the drug.
52
when you reach a plateau, will increasing the dosage have a more therapeutic affect?
No, it will result in toxicity
53
What do you call a drug that is really good at metabolizing?
"high first pass metabolism"
54
inter-patient variability
Some people need more of a drug to have a therapeutic affect than others
55
Therapeutic index
measure of a drug safety margin
56
the higher the therapeutic value of a drug...
the safer the drug
57
Potency
dose of a drug required to produce a therapeutic affect
58
Efficacy
magnitude of maximum response that can be produced from a particular drug
59
what is a drug receptor?
the molecule to which a medication binds in order to initiate a chain of events leading to drug action
60
what are most drug receptors?
protein receptors
61
antagonist
a drug that blocks the opioids buy attaching the opioid receptors without activating them example: narcan
62
full agonist
produce the same chain of events as the chemical. a drug that activates certain receptors in the brain. example: heroin
63
partial agonist
activates opioid receptors in the brain example: seboxone (heroin agonist)
64
define Prodrug
a drug that is administered in its inactive form, but once absorbed, is converted into an active drug molecule.
65
phagocytes
attempt to remove medicines seen as foreign
66
co-transport
the movement of two or more chemicals across the membrane
67
do molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration, or from a low concentration to a high concentration?
higher to lower
68
name some factors than can affect drug absorption.
``` drug/drug interactions food/drug interactions dosage route of administration size of the drug molecule surface area of absorption digestive motility blood flow lipid solubility of drug ```
69
name some body tissue that have a high affinity / attraction to certain medications.
bone marrow teeth eyes adipose tissue
70
what is the problem with drug-protein complexes?
never reach target cell bc they are too large and cannot cross capillary membranes and drug won't distribute to body tissue.
71
biotransformation
metabolism of medications
72
Hepatic microsomal enzyme system
P-450 system
73
metabolic activity may be decreased in what type of patients?
infants and elderly patients with liver disease patients with certain genetic disorders
74
enterohepatic recirculation
drugs are secreted in bile, bile recirculates to liver, part of drug may be recirculated many times which prolongs the activity of the drug and can last after discontinuration
75
what is the difference between potency and efficacy ?
higher potency means it can be used at a lower dose to produce a therapeutic affect, where efficacy is the magnitude of maximum response that can be produced from a particular drug.
76
Name two basic receptor types.
Alpha and Beta

Micro (6 decks)

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