Pharm Principles Flashcards
Describes the drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure
Chemical name
Ibuprofen=propionic acid
Name given by the United States Adopted Names Council
Generic Name
WILL BE TESTED ON THIS
Ibuprofen=Ibuprofen
The drug has a registered trademark; use of the name is restricted by the drug’s patent owner (usually the manufacturer)
Trade name
first drug in a class of drugs
prototypical drugs
The study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body, how the drug is taken into body
Pharmaceutics
dissolving of solid dosage forms and their absorption
Quickness/slowness of the form
Dissolution
slowest absorption/fastest absorption
Enteric-coated tablet
oral disintegration, buccal tablets
The study of what the body does to the drug
Pharmacokinetics
4 steps of pharmacokinetics
i. Absorption
ii. Distribution
iii. Metabolism (break it down)
iv. Excretion
The study of what the drug does to the body
The clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacotherapeutics defines
principles of drug actions
The drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral or gastric mucosa or the small intestine
Enteral Route
Parenteral Routes
IV, IM, SUBQ
Absorption involves
bioavailability (the extent of drug absorption)
Large proportion of a drug is chemically changed into inactive metabolites by the liver
First pass effect
PO meds/IV meds have what bioavailability?
PO: less than 100%
IV: 100%
Some drugs bypass first pass
IV, inhalants, transdermal, aural, buccal, IM, SUBQ, SUBLIN
First past routes examples
hepatic arterial, oral, portal venous, rectal
Transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action
Distribution
Most common blood protein?
Albumin
AKA biotransformation, breaks down deg into a more soluble compound, more potent or less active
Metabolism
Microsomal enzymes
P-450 enzymes (control the metabolism of the drug)
Types of Biotransformation
- Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis
2. Conjugation
a. Combo with another substance
b. Forms a less toxic product with less activity
Conjugation
Decrease drug metabolism (4 things)
- Cardiovascular dysfunction, renal insufficiency
- Starvation, obstructive jaundice
- Slow acetylator (genetic constitution)
- Ketoconazole (P-450 inhibitor)
Increase drug metabolism (4 things)
- Fast acetylator (genetic constitution)
- Barbituates
- Rifampin (P-450)
- Phenytoin (P-450)
Elimination of drugs from the body
Excretion Renal excretion (primary organ) Biliary excretion (taken up by the liver-released into bile-eliminated
time required for half (50%) of a given drug to be removed from the body
Half-life
highest blood level of a drug
peak level
lowest blood level of a drug
i. Before next dose
trough level
occurs if the peak blood level of the drug is too high
Toxicity
physiologic need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms
Physical dependence
- Two drugs with similar actions are given together
- Smaller doses of each drug
- 1+1=2
Additive effects
Two drugs given to interact that in such a way that their combined effects are greater than the sum of the effect for each drug given alone (1+1=greater than 2)
synergistic effects
To occur when the combination of two drugs result in drug effects that are less than the sum of the effects for each drug given separately (1+1= less than 2)
Antagonistic effects
Broad term for any undesirable occurrence involving medications
Adverse drug event (ADE)
- Usually with parenteral drugs or solutions
- When they are mixed together and the result is a chemical deterioration of one or both of drugs or formation of a physical precipitate (cloudy, visible flecks)
Incompatibility
4 processes in which errors can occur
i. Prescribing (primary care)
ii. Dispensing (pharmacy)
iii. Administering
iv. Monitoring
Can damage a fetus
teratogenic
Can cause damage to genetic code
Mutagenic
Cancer causing effect of drug
Carcinogenic
