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Block 5 > Pharm - Lecture 6 - overview nervous system > Flashcards

Pharm - Lecture 6 - overview nervous system Flashcards

0
Q

What NT is released by Motor Nuerons?

A

acetylcholine

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1
Q

What NT reinforces sympathetic action? Where is it released?

A

epinephrine from adrenal medulla

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2
Q

What NT is released by pre-ganglionic Parasympathetic fibers?

A

acetylcholine

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3
Q

What NT is released by Post-ganglionic Parasympathetic fibers?

A

acetylcholine

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4
Q

What NT is released by Pre-ganglionic Sympathetic fibers?

A

acetylcholine

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5
Q

What NT is released by Post-ganglionic Sympathetic Fibers?

A

Mostly norepinephrine

Exception: acetylcholine is released by Sympathetic cholinergic fibers going to sweat glands

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6
Q

What is the rate limiting step for the synthesis of norepinephrine and dopamine?

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

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7
Q

What drugs is tyrosine the precursor of?

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

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8
Q

What is the role of vesicular monamine transporter 2? (VMAT2)

A

VMAT2 transports dopamine into vesicles where it is converted to norepinephrine

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9
Q

What transports dopamine into vesicles in the nerve terminal?

What blocks this?

A

Transporter: vesicular monamine transporter 2 (VMAT2)

reserpine blocks this

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10
Q

Where is norepinephrine synthesized?

A

In vesicles in the nerve terminal varicosities

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11
Q

How is norepinephrine taken back into the nerve terminal?

A

reuptake into nerve terminal by norepinephrine transporter (NET or uptake 1)

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12
Q

What drug blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine?

A

cocaine

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13
Q

What is cocaine’s mechanism?

A

blocks ruptake of norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft

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14
Q

How is epinephrine removed from the synaptic cleft? (3 ways)

A

1) norepinephrine transporter (NET - 87%)
2) diffusion (8%)
3) extraneuronal transporter (ENT - 5%)

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15
Q

What does extraneuronal transporter (ENT) do?

A

It uptakes norepinephrine into the post-synaptic cell

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16
Q

What enzymes are primarily responsible for the degradation of norepinephrine and epinephrine? (2)

A

Monamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

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17
Q

What does Monamine oxidase (MAO) do?

A

MAO oxidatively deaminates catecholamines

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18
Q

Where is monamine oxidase found in the cell?

A

Outer surface of mitochondria

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19
Q

Which cells is monamine oxidase found in? (3)

A

adrenergic nerve terminals

highest amounts in liver and kidney

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20
Q

How many and what are the isoforms of MAO?

A

MAO-A, MAO-B

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21
Q

What does catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) do?

A

transfers a methyl group to the 3-hydroxy position of the phenyl ring

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22
Q

Where in the cell is catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) found?

A

cytosol

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23
Q

Which cell types is COMT found in?

A

widely distributed with high levels in liver and kidney

not found in adrenergic neurons

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24
Q

How is intraneuronal norepinephrine not taken into storage granules metabolized?

A

monamine oxidase (MAO)

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25
Q

What is VMA?

A

VMA is the final metabolite of norepinephrine after it is initially metabolized by MAO

Secreted in urin

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26
Q

What is a biological marker in urine that reflects level of sympathetic drive (or catecholamine secreting tumors)?

A

concentration of VMA in the urin

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27
Q

What is the rate limiting step of acetylcholine synthesis?

A

choline is taken into the nerve terminal via NA+ dependent carrier

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28
Q

How is acetylcholine synthesized?

A

choline acetyl transferase synthesizes acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline

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29
Q

Where is acetylcholine synthesized?

A

nerve terminals

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30
Q

How is acetylcholine released from the nerve terminal?

A

acetylcholine is transported into a vesicle and exocytosed

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31
Q

What inhibits acetylcholine release into the synaptic cleft?

A

botulinum toxin

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32
Q

What is the mechanism of botulinum toxin?

A

inhibits the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft

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33
Q

How is acetylcholine metabolized?

A

acetylcholinesterase

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34
Q

What is the major class of receptors for Acetylcholine?

A

cholinergic receptors

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35
Q

What is the major class of receptors for Norepinephrine?

A

Adrenergic receptors

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36
Q

What are the types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic and Muscarinic

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37
Q

What are the types of Nicotinic receptors? (3)

A

Ganglionic, Skeletal muscle, Neuronal CNS

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38
Q

What are the types of Muscarinic receptors?

A

M1, M3, M5,

M2, M4

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39
Q

What type of receptor is the Nicotinic receptor?

A

It’s a Ligand-gated ion channel

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40
Q

What type of receptor is located aat the Neuromuscular junction?

A

Muscle Nicotinic receptor

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41
Q

What type of receptor is located at the Autonomic ganglia?

A

Peripheral Neuronal or ganlionic Nicotinic receptor

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42
Q

What receptor is at the adrenal medulla?

A

Peripheral neuronal or ganlionic Nicotinic receptor

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43
Q

What is the response when a Muscle Nicotinic receptor is activated?

A

end plate depolarization and skeletal muscle contraction

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44
Q

What is the response to an activated ganglionic nicotinic receptor?

At ganglia?
At adrenal?

A

at ganglia: depolarization and firing of post ganglionic neuron

adrenal: depolarization of chromaffin cells and secretion of catecholamines

45
Q

What type of receptor are Muscarinic receptors?

A

G-protein couple receptors

46
Q

What type of G protein is associated with an M2 Muscarinic receptor?

A

Gi

47
Q

What type of G protein is associated with an M3 Muscarinic receptor?

A

Gq

48
Q

Where are M2 Muscarinic receptors located? (3)

A

Heart, nerves and smooth muscle

49
Q

Where are M3 Muscarinic receptors located? (3)

A

glands, smooth muscle, endothelium

50
Q

What is the response of an activated M2 muscarinic receptor?

A

decrease electrical conduction and therefore decreases in muscle contraction

51
Q

What is the response of an activated M3 muscarinic receptor?

glands?
smooth muscle?

A

Increase secretion in glands

increase muscle contraction

52
Q

What are the types of Adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha and beta

53
Q

What are the types of alpha adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha1 and alpha2

54
Q

What are the types of beta adrenergic receptors?

A

beta1, beta2, beta3

55
Q

What type of G protein does the alpha1 adrenergic receptor activate?

A

Gq

56
Q

What type of G protein is associated with the alpha2 adrenergic receptor?

A

Gi

57
Q

What type of G protein is associated with the beta1 adrenergic receptor?

A

Gs

58
Q

What type of G protein is associated with the beta2 adrenergic receptor?

A

Gs

59
Q

What is the general location of the alpha1 adrenergic receptor? (2)

What is their response?

A

1) Vascular and other smooth muscles: contraction

2) Glands: secretion

60
Q

What is the general location of the alpha2 adrenergic receptor? (3)

What is their response?

A

1) Nerve Terminals: Decrease NE release
2) Glands: decreased secretion
3) Vascular smooth muscle: contraction

61
Q

What is the general location of the beta1 adrenergic receptor? (2)

What is their response?

A

1) cardiac muscle: Increased force and rate of contraction

2) glands: increased secretion

62
Q

What is the general location of the beta2 adrenergic receptor? (3)

What is their response?

A

1) Vascular and other smooth muscle: Relaxation
2) skeletal muscle: glycogenolysis
3) liver: glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

64
Q

Effector organ: SA node of the heart

Effect: Increase heart rate

Receptor?

A

B1

65
Q

Effector organ: Atria of the heart

Effect: Increase contractility and conduction velocity

Receptor?

A

B1

66
Q

Effector organ: AV node His-Perkinje system

Effect: Increase in automaticity and conduction velocity

Receptor?

A

B1

67
Q

Effector organ: Ventricles of heart

Effect: Increase in contractility and conduction velocity

Receptor?

A

B1

68
Q

Effector organ: Arterioles

Effect: Constriction

Receptor?

A

a1

69
Q

Effector organ: blood vessels of skeletal muscle

Effect: Constriction

Receptor?

A

a1

70
Q

Effector organ: Blood vessels of Skeletal muscles

Effect: dilation

Receptor?

A

B2

71
Q

Effector organ: Veins

Effect: Vasoconstriction

Receptor?

A

a1

72
Q

Effector organ: Bronchial smooth muscle

Effect: Relaxation

Receptor?

A

B2

73
Q

Effector organ: Uterus

Effect: Relaxation

Receptor?

A

B2

74
Q

Effector organ: Uterus

Effect: contraction during pregnancy

Receptor?

A

a1

75
Q

Effector organ: GI tract - Motility and tone

Effect: Decrease

Receptor?

A

a2, B1, B2

76
Q

Effector organ: GI tract - sphincters

Effect: Contraction

Receptor?

A

a1

77
Q

Effector organ: GI tract - Secretions

Effect: Inhibition

Receptor?

A

A2

78
Q

Effector organ: Eye - Radial muscle of iris

Effect: Contract (mydriasis)

Receptor?

A

a1

79
Q

Effector organ: Eye - Ciliary muscle

Effect: No effect/slight relaxation

Receptor?

A

B2

80
Q

Effector organ: Eye - Lacrimal glands

Effect: Secretions

Receptor?

A

a

81
Q

Effector organ: Eye - Aqueous humor

Effect: Secretion

Receptor?

A

B

82
Q

Effector organ: Kidney

Effect: Renin secretion

Receptor?

A

B1

83
Q

Effector organ: Urinary bladder - Detrusor

Effect: Relaxation

Receptor?

A

B2

84
Q

Effector organ: Urinary bladder - Trigone and sphincter

Effect: Contraction

Receptor?

A

a1

85
Q

Effector organ: Sex organs: male

Effect: vas deferens contraction (ejaculation)

Receptor?

A

a1

85
Q

Effector organ: Fat cells

Effect: Lipolysis

Receptor?

A

B1, B2, B3

86
Q

Effector organ: Pancreas

Effect: Decrease insulin secretion

Receptor?

A

a2

87
Q

Effector organ: Liver

Effect: Increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis

Receptor?

A

a1 and B2

88
Q

Effector organ: Skeletal muscle

Effect: Glycogenolysis

Receptor?

A

B2

89
Q

Effector organ: Salivary glands

Effect: Increase secretion

Receptor?

A

a1

90
Q

Effector organ: Sweat glands

Effect: General secretion

Receptor?

A

M2 and M3

92
Q

Effector organ: Sweat glands

Effect: Localized secretion

Receptor?

A

a1

93
Q

Effector organ: SA node of heart

Effect: Decrease heart rate

Receptor?

A

M2

94
Q

Effector organ: Atria of heart

Effect: Decrease contractility

Receptor?

A

M2

95
Q

Effector organ: AV node His-Perkinje system of heart

Effect: Decrease conduction velocity; AV block

Receptor?

A

M2

96
Q

Effector organ: Bronchial smooth muscle of lung

Effect: Contraction

Receptor?

A

M2 and M3

97
Q

Effector organ: Bronchial glands of lung

Effect: Stimulation

Receptor?

A

M2 and M3

98
Q

Effector organ: Gi tract - Motility and tone

Effect: Increase

Receptor?

A

M2 and M3

99
Q

Effector organ: GI tract - Sphincters

Effect: Relaxation

Receptor?

A

M2 and M3

100
Q

Effector organ: GI tract - Secretions

Effect: Stimulation

Receptor?

A

M2 and M3

101
Q

Effector organ: Eye - Sphincter muscle of iris

Effect: Contract (miosis)

Receptor?

A

M2 and M3

102
Q

Effector organ: Eye - Ciliary muscle

Effect: Contract (near vision)

Receptor?

A

M2 and M3

103
Q

Effector organ: Eye - Lacrimal glands

Effect: Secretion

Receptor?

A

M2 and M3

104
Q

Effector organ: Urinary bladder - detrusor

Effect: Contraction

Receptor?

A

M3 > M3

105
Q

Effector organ: Urinary bladder - Trigone and sphincter

Effect: Relaxation

Receptor?

A

M3 > M2

106
Q

Effector organ: Sex organs: male

Effect: Erection

Receptor?

A

M3

107
Q

Effector organ: Pancreas

Effect: Increase secretion by acini

Receptor?

A

M2 and M3

108
Q

Effector organ: Nasal

Effect: Secretion

Receptor?

A

M3

109
Q

Effector organ: Salivary glands

Effect: Increase secretion

Receptor?

A

M2 and M3

110
Q

What is the synthetic pathway starting from tyrosine and ending in epinephrine?

A

Tyrosine –> DOPA –> Dopamine –> norepinephrine –> epinephrine (last step in adrenal medulla)

Block 5 (23 decks)

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