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Block 5 > imunology - week 3 - parasites 1 > Flashcards

imunology - week 3 - parasites 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Who is the definitive host?

A

Host in which the sexual stage of a parasite life cycle occures

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1
Q

What is: Mutualism? Commensalism? Parasitism?

A

Mutualism: benefits both Comensalism: benifets one and neutral for the other Parasitism: benefits one and harmful for the other

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2
Q

Who is the intermediate host?

A

Host in which asexual reproduction or development occurs

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3
Q

Who is the incidental or accidental host?

A

The host is not an obligate part of the parasite life cycle

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4
Q

Who is the reservoir?

A

Animal hosts that maintain the natural cycle in the wild, often not really harmed

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5
Q

Who is the vector?

A

A host species that transmits an infectious form of the parasite to another host species (ex. mosquitoes transmit malaria)

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6
Q

What are the two Platyhelminthes? (2)

A

Cestoda (tapeworms) Trematoda (flukes)

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7
Q

What are the physical characteristics of Tapeworms? (2)

A

1) Flattened segmented bodies 2) No internal digestive system, nutrients absorbed across cuticle

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8
Q

What are the physical characteristics of Flukes?

A

1) Broad flattened bodies 2) Simple digestive system with a single opening for mouth and anus

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9
Q

What is taeniasis? Cause? Location?

A

1) Caused when you eat undercooked pork 2) Tapeworm is in intestine

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10
Q

What is cysticercosis? Cause? Location?

A

Cause: caused by eating tapeworm eggs location: larva in muscle, eyes and brain

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11
Q

What is Taenia solium?

A

Pork Tapeworm

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12
Q

What is Taenia Seginata?

A

Beef Tapeworm

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13
Q

Who is the defnitive host for tapeworms?

A

Humans

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14
Q

Who is the intermediate host for tapeworms?

A

Pigs, humans (cows for beef tapeworms)

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15
Q

What is the pathology of Taeniasis?

A

asymtomatic or causes abdominal discomfort, occasionally nausea, vomiting, diarrhae, weight loss and obstruction

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16
Q

What is the pathology of Cysticercosis? (2)

A

1) muscle may cause lumps but usually no symptoms 2) brain cause neurocysticercosis: confusion, difficulty with balance, brain swelling, mortality

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17
Q

How do you diagnose pork or beef tapeworms? Self? Clinical?

A

Self: active proglottids Clinical: eggs in stool

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18
Q

How do you prevent beef or pork tapeworm?

A

Well cooked or freezing

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19
Q

What is Diphyllobothrium latum?

A

Fish tapeworm

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20
Q

What is the intermediate host of fish tapeworm? (2)

A

copepod infects fish

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21
Q

What is Echinococcosis?

A

dog tapeworm

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22
Q

How do you get Echinococcus?

A

Eat the eggs from dogs

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23
Q

What is the definitive host for Echinococcosis?

A

Wild and domestic dogs

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24
Q

What is a Hydatid cyst?

A

Parasitic infection from Echinococcosis

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25
Q

What is Schistosomiasis?

A

Blood flukes

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26
Q

What are three types of Schistosomiasis?

A

Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma japonicum Schistosoma haematobium

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27
Q

Where do you find the eggs for schistosoma mansoni?

A

Feces

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28
Q

Where do you find the eggs for schistosoma japonicum?

A

feces

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29
Q

Where do you find the eggs for Schistosoma haemotobium?

A

urin

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30
Q

What causes the major symptoms for Schistosoma?

A

eggs become trapped in terminal portal venules where they incite chronic inflammation

31
Q

Which parasite has a major indictaion for liver cancer? (2)

A

Schistosoma mansoni and japonicum

32
Q

Which parasite has major indications for bladder cancer?

A

Schistosoma haematobium

33
Q

How is schistosoma transmitted?

A

Contact with water containing cercaria (snail)

34
Q

What causes swimmers itch?

A

duck schistosomiasis - inflamatory response to their eggs

35
Q

Where is S. mansoni found?

A

tributaries of african rivers caribbean brazil

36
Q

Where is S. haematobium found?

A

tributaries of african rivers

37
Q

Where is S. japonicum found?

A

standing water, rice paddies and lakes (lots in china)

38
Q

What is the lifestyle of Schistosome

A

1) males and females attached together in host 2) male pulls in nutrients 3) female pumps out eggs (1000/day)

39
Q

What is the structural identification of S. Mansoni?

A

Lateral spike

40
Q

What is the structural identification of S. haematobium?

A

Terminal spike

41
Q

What is the structural identification of S. japonicum?

A

No spike

42
Q

What is the morphology of cerecarial?

A

head part and tail part, head part stays when it burrows into skin

43
Q

What is the pathology of schistosoiasis? Early? Middle? Chronic?

A

Early: 0-2 weeks, no symptoms, maybe rash Middle: 1-2 months, katayma syndrom chronic: 5-15 years: continually produce eggs so theirs chronic inflammation, liver and colon cancer, bladder cancer

44
Q

What is Katayama syndrome? When does it occur?

A

Schistosamiasis eggs cause an intense immune reaction or cytokine storm. patient has hyperactive immune system, fever etc… When: 14-84 days after Schistosamiasa infection

45
Q

How are Pinworms transmitted?

A

Ingestion of eggs, direct person to person

46
Q

What is the lifecycle of Pinworms? (4)

A

1) Females emerge from anus at night to lay eggs 2) Eggs in bedclothes 3) eggs swallowed and hatch in intestine, 4) adults mate and migrate to colon

47
Q

What is the pathology of Pinworms? (4)

A

Intense anal intch (from anus) Secondary infection from itching urogentital invasion in females trauma

48
Q

How do you diagnose Pinworms?

A

“scotch tape test” put scotch tape over anus and check for eggs

49
Q

How do Whipworms transmitted?

A

ingestion of embroyonated eggs

50
Q

Where do Whipworms attach to?

A

colonic mucosa

51
Q

What is the lifestyle of whipworms?

A

1) eggs mature in soil for around 10 days 2) Eggs swollowed and hatch in intestine 3) adults mate and migrate to colon 4) eggs passed in feces

52
Q

What is the pathology of whipworm? (2)

A

1) low level blood and diahhrae 2) chronic malnutrition

53
Q

How do you diagnose whipworm?

A

eggs in stool

54
Q

Where does Ascariasis infect?

A

upper intestine

55
Q

What is the lifestyle of Ascariasis?

A

1) females lay 200,000 eggs 2) eggs mature in soil for 3 weeks 3) eggs are swallowed 4) larvae hatch and invade intestinal mucosa 5) They enter venous circulating to lung 6) larvae are coughed and swallowed again 7) they mature and mate in small intestine

56
Q

What is the pathology for Ascariasis? (2)

A

1) chronic malnutrition and poor mental and physical development 2) can cause allregic inflammation during migration through lungs

57
Q

Where do Hookworms go?

A

Small intestine

58
Q

How are hookworms transmitted?

A

invade skin from soil, not person to person

59
Q

What is the lifecycle of Hookworms?

A

1) Larvae mature in soil 2) enters humans from soil through skin 3) goes into circulation and gets lodged in the lung 4) coughed up and swallowed 5) mature and go to small intestine

60
Q

What is the pathology of Hookworms? (2)

A

1) itching and swelling sometimes at site of entrance in skin 2) chronic malnutrition

61
Q

Where do Strongyloides go?

A

Small intestines

62
Q

What is the lifecycle of Strongyloides?

A

1) adults lay eggs in intestinal mucosa and they hatch there 3 ways: (depends on soil and immunity of host) 1) Larvae can infect a host directly from feces: they have a lung stage here 2) GOOD SOIL VERSION: If soil is conducive, larvae can go through development in the soil and mate and produce more larvae 3) BAD IMMUNE SYSTEM VERSION: Larvae can reinfect the host from the intestine themselves

63
Q

What is the pathology of Strongyloids? (2)

A

1) Pulmonary issues and chronic malnutrition 2) auto infection and immunosuppression leads to hyperinfection that can be fatal

64
Q

How can you diagnose Strongyloides? (2)

A

1) Larvae in stool 2) Larvae in sputum

65
Q

Where does Trichinosis live? Adults? Larvae?

A

Adults live in small intestine Larvae live in muscle

66
Q

What is the lifecycle of Trichinosis?

A

1)

67
Q

How is Trichinella transmitted?

A

By eating undercooked meat (pork) containingq encysted larvae

68
Q

What is the lifecycle of Trichinella?

A

1) larvae are released in the gastric environment 2) adults develop and mate in small intestine 3) male dies, female embeds in mucosa 4) live larvae birthed without eggs, female dies 5) Larvae enter lympatics/blood and encyst in muscle 6Larvae develop into encapsulated sprial and are vialbe for up to 10 years

69
Q

How long are encysted Trichinella larvae viable?

A

up to 10 years

70
Q

Who is the intermediate and definite host for Toxacariasis?

A

dogs

71
Q

How is Toxocariasis transmitted?

A

Ingested from soil, no human to human transmission

72
Q

What is the lifecycle of Toxacara canis?

A

1) Sexual cycle that produce eggs in feces 2) larvae can encyst in tissues and infect puppies in utero 3) humans infected by ingestion of eggs from dogs 4) in humans, larvae burrow through intestine and wander for months in any tissue

73
Q

Who are the accidental host of Toxocariasis?

A

humans

74
Q

What is the pathology for Toxocariasis? (2)

A

chronic malnutrition and neurological symptoms

75
Q

How do you diagnose Toxocariasis?

A

History of geophagia (eating dirt) and exposure to dogs No eggs in stool

76
Q

Where is Strongyloides distrubuted?

A

Warm places, United states and elsewhere

Block 5 (23 decks)

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