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Pharm > Pharm Exam 3: Cardio & Urinary > Flashcards

Pharm Exam 3: Cardio & Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the first line of drugs used to treat lipid disorders?

A

statins

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2
Q

abnormal levels of lipoproteins (excess or not enough)

A

dyslipidemia

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3
Q

the three types of lipids _____

A

triglycerides, steroids, and phospholipids

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4
Q

Energy source

Account for 90% of total lipids in body

A

triglycerides

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5
Q

Essential to building plasma membranes

A

phospholipids

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6
Q

best known phospholipids are

A

lecithins

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7
Q

transports cholesterol from liver to tissues and organs
Used to build plasma membranes and synthesize other steroids
Carries highest amount of cholesterol

A

LDL

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8
Q

primary carrier of triglycerides in blood

becomes LDL through bodily processes

A

VLDL

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9
Q

Manufactured in liver and small intestine

Reverse cholesterol transport
Assist in transport of cholesterol away from body tissues and back to liver

A

HDL

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10
Q

Prototype drug: atorvastatin (Lipitor)
MoA:
Primary use:
adverse effects:

A

MoA: inhibits HMG-CoA reductase (less cholesterol biosynthesis)
Use: reduces serum-lipid levels
AE: muscle or joint pain

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11
Q

Give the prototype drug for Bile-Acid Resins

A

cholestyramine (Questran)

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12
Q

Prototype drug: cholestyramine (Questran)
MoA:
Primary use:
adverse effects:

A

Mechanism of action: bind with bile acids, increasing cholesterol excretion in stool
Primary use: to lower serum-lipid levels
Adverse effects: GI tract, such as bloating and constipation
***Can bind other drugs, increasing potential for drug–drug interactions

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13
Q

Niacin for lipid lowering therapy

A

-Decreases VLDL levels
-Numerous adverse effects: flushing, hot flashes, nausea, excess gas, diarrhea; more serious effects:
hepatotoxicity and gout possible

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14
Q

Fibric-Acid Agents used for what?

A

lipid lowering agent

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15
Q

Fibric-Acid Agent prototype

A

gemfibrozil (Lopid)

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16
Q

Prototype drug: gemfibrozil (Lopid)
MoA:
Primary use:
adverse effects:

A

Mechanism of action: unknown
Primary use: treating severe hypertriglyceridemia
Adverse effects: GI distress, watch for bleeding with patients on anticoagulants

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17
Q

protype drug for class: Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor

A

Ezetimibe (Zetia)

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18
Q

nursing considerations for: statins

A

Monitor liver function tests

Do not use with pregnancy or breast-feeding

Watch for signs of GI upset

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19
Q

role of renin

A

for blood-pressure regulation

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20
Q

role of erythropoietin

A

to stimulate red blood-cell production

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21
Q

role of calcitriol

A

active form of vitamin D for bone homeostasis

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22
Q

diagnostic testing for renal failure

A

Urinalysis
Proteinuria
albuminuria

Serum creatinine

Diagnostic imaging
CT, MRI

Renal biopsy

23
Q

Largest, most commonly prescribed class of diuretics

A

thiazide diuretic

24
Q

Miscellaneous Diuretics

A

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

25
Q

Miscellaneous Diuretics—Osmotic Diuretics

A

Example: mannitol (Osmitrol)
Mechanism of action: inhibits carbonic anhydrase
Primary use: to reduce ICP due to cerebral edema

26
Q

Thiazide and Thiazide-like Diuretics pt. teaching

A

Use sunscreen to decrease photosensitivity

Take potassium supplements, if ordered

Consume potassium-rich foods, if ordered

Report any tenderness or pain in joints

27
Q

Normal osmolality is

A

275–295 mOsm/kg

28
Q

this electrolyte is controlled by hormone aldosterone

A

Na+

29
Q

Movement of water from area of

low osmolality to areas of high osmolality

A

osmosis

30
Q

Water moves from interstitial space to plasma

A

Hypertonic intravenous fluid

31
Q

Water moves from plasma to interstitial space

A

Hypotonic intravenous fluid

32
Q

IV solutions with electrolytes

A

crystalloids

33
Q

Molecules too large to easily cross capillary membrane
Stay in intravascular space
Rapidly expand plasma volume

Draw water from intracellular fluid and interstitial spaces into plasma
Increase osmotic pressure

A

colloids

34
Q

Fluid Replacement Agent class. drug

A

colloids

35
Q

to raise oncotic pressure of blood; expands plasma volume within minutes of administration
Primary use: as fluid replacement with hypovolemic shock from hemorrhage, surgery, severe burns

A

colloids–> dextran

36
Q

Positively or negatively charged inorganic molecules

A

electrolytes

37
Q

electrolyte: Essential for maintaining:
osmolality
water balance
acid–base balance

A

Na+

38
Q

Acute hypernatremia treated with:
(if hypovolemic)
(if hypervolemic)

A
  • hypotonic intravenous fluids

- diuretics

39
Q

Signs and symptoms:
Thirst, fatigue, weakness, muscle twitching
Convulsions, altered mental status, decreased level of consciousness
(electrolyte imbalance)

A

hypernatremia

40
Q

what happens in the body as a result of hyponatremia?

A

Caused by excessive dilution of plasma

Excess antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion

41
Q

Early symptoms
Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal cramping

Later signs
Altered neurologic function such as confusion, lethargy, convulsions, coma, muscle twitching, tremors

A

hyponatremia

42
Q

Hyponatremia caused by excessive dilution:
Treat with

Hyponatremia caused by sodium loss
Treat with

A

1- loop diuretics to cause an isotonic diuresis

2-oral sodium chloride or intravenous fluids containing salt

  • Normal saline
  • Lactated Ringer’s
43
Q

Symptoms of Hyperkalemia

A

dysrhythmias and heart block

44
Q

Hypokalemia:Caused by

A

High doses of loop diuretics
Strenuous muscle activity
Severe vomiting or diarrhea

45
Q

Symptoms of Hypokalemia

A

Muscle weakness, lethargy, anorexia, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest

46
Q

symptoms of acidosis

A

Lethargy, confusion, coma

Deep, rapid respirations in attempt to blow off excess acid

47
Q

symptoms of alkalosis

A

Nervousness, hyperactive reflexes, convulsions

Slow, shallow respirations in attempt to retain acid

48
Q

Can be used for hypertensive emergencies during labor and delivery
Can lower blood pressure instantaneously
Half-life of only 2 minutes

A

nitroprusside IV

49
Q

Blood backs up into veins

Causes peripheral edema and organ engorgement

A

r. sided HF

50
Q

Blood backs up into lungs

Cough and shortness of breath result

A

l. sided HF

51
Q

More fibers are stretched, more forcefully they will contract

A

Frank–Starling law

52
Q

Drug of choice for heart failure

Enhance excretion of sodium and water
Lowers peripheral resistance and reduces blood volume

Increases cardiac output

A

ACE inhibitors

53
Q

basic conduction of heart, ECG

A

atrial depolarization(p), ventricular depolar(qrs)., ventricular repolarization (T)

Pharm (7 decks)

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