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LCON Pharmacology. > Pharm Exam 2 (B) > Flashcards

Pharm Exam 2 (B) Flashcards

1
Q

Facts about Beta2 Agonists

A
  • The help relax the muscles making the air way bigger.

🔶 SABAs
- Albuterol and Levalbuterol
- they start working in 5 mins and lasts a few hours)
- its rescue medications

🔶 LABAs
- They have a slow onset of actions but last for 12 hours.

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2
Q

High yield concepts of Digoxin

A
  • Narrow therapeutic index
  • GI disturbances
  • Visual disturbance ( yellow & blurred vision)
  • Dysrhythmias
  • Digoxin immune fab
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3
Q

Facts about Nitroglycerin?

A
  • Available as :-
    * Sublingual tablets.
    * Translingual sprays
    * Oral capsules (sustained release)
    * Transdermal Patches
    * Topical Ointment
    * IV injection
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4
Q

Signs and symptoms of Angina

A
  • Pain beneath the sternum.
  • Pain radiating from the left arm to the jaw.
  • Sharp pain
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5
Q

High yield concepts of Montelukast

A
  • Usually well tolarated.
  • Causes mood changes
  • Causes suicidal ideation.
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6
Q

Sign and symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism (PE)?

A
  • Tachycardia
  • Chest pain
  • Dyspnea
  • Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)
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7
Q

Signs and symptoms of Heart failure?

A
  • Left-sided failure (lungs & crackles)
  • Right-sided failure (fluid buildup, edema)
  • ## Cardiogenic shock (lack or O2 in the brain)
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8
Q

Amiodraone Toxicity

A
  • Lung problems (Pulmonary fibrosis)
  • Liver issue (hepatotoxicity)
  • Thyroid problems (hypothyroidism/Hyperthyroidism)
  • Eye problems (optic neuropathy & corneal deposits)
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9
Q

Asthma worsens at __________?

A

Night

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10
Q

High yield concepts of Beta 2 Agonist?

A
  • Acute attacks
  • Order of administration
  • Increased Sympathetic stimulation
  • LABA monotherapy warning
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11
Q

High Cholesterol and high blood pressure can lead to?

A
  • The build-up of fatty streaks in arteriers

( Atherosclerosis)

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12
Q

What are the three major medication options for Allergic Rhinitis?

A
  • Antihistamines
  • Nasal glucocorticoids
  • Decongestants
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13
Q

Facts about Decongestants?

A
  • They relieve Nasal congestions.
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14
Q

High yield concepts of Adenosine/

A
  • Has very short half life (less than 10 secs)
  • Must be infused very quickly via IV line (push rapidly 1-2 secs).
  • Can cause the heart to temporarily stop and resets its rhythm.
  • Dyspnea.
  • Reports of impending sense of doom.
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15
Q

Facts about Digoxin?

A
  • It has a Narrow therapeutic index
  • Vagal Nerve Stimulation - (slows down the heart)
  • Sodium, Potassium-ATPase inhibition (If K+ is high, Digoxin is low and vise visa)
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16
Q

High yield concepts of Levothyroxine?

A
  • Insomnia
  • Drug interactions
  • Drug toxicity
  • Lifelong therapy
  • Dose adjustment
  • Changing brands
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17
Q

Variant Angina/ Prinzmetal’s Angina

A
  • The Pt have Coronary Arteries that Spasms.
  • It happens while the Pt is Resting or Sleeping.
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18
Q

Allergic Rhinitis is also called ________?

A

Hay fever

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19
Q

High yield concepts for Nitroglycerin?

A
  • Orthostatic Hypotension
  • Headache
  • Teaching for Sublingual Nitroglycerin
  • Proper storage
  • Nitrate free intervals
  • Incompatibility with Erectile dysfunction drugs
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20
Q

Alpha 1 Receptors

A
  • They are found in the Arteries.
  • When activated they cause Vasoconstriction, which causes an increased blood pressure.
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21
Q

Signs of Heparin crisis?

A
  • Low Platelets (no platelets)
  • Alot of Blood clots
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22
Q

Examples of Angina Medications?

A
  • Nitrates
  • Beta-Blockers 1
  • Calcium channel blockers
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23
Q

Facts about Adrenergic Agonists?

A
  • Epinephrine - Treats severe allergic reactions and cardiac arrest.
  • Dopamine - Used to treat hypotension, and also helps increase blood flow in the kidneys.
  • Dobutamine - Its used short term (48 hrs) to treat heart failure.
  • Norepinephrine - Used to treat sever hypotension or shock.
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24
Q

Inhaled glucocorticoid medications

A

(They end with “Sone”)

  • Budesonide
  • Fluticasone
  • Mometasone
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25
Q

Medication options of Cholesterol?

A
  • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)
  • Cholesterol absorption inhibitors
  • Fibrates
  • Bile-acid sequestrants
  • Monoclonal antibodies
  • Vitamin B3 (niacin)
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26
Q

Angina occurs when?

A
  • The heart muscles need more oxygen.
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27
Q

Examples of Decongestants?

A

(They end with “rine”)

  • Phenylephrine
  • Pseudoephedrine (ingredient of Crystal Meth)
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28
Q

Major classes of Dysrhythmias medications

A
  • Class 1a, 1b, 1c - N+channel blockers (Lidocaine)
  • Class II - Beta blockers (Propranolol)
  • Class III - K+ channel blockers (Amiodarone)
  • Class IV - Ca2+ channel blockers (Verapamil)
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29
Q

DVT is a blood clot that starts from the ________?

A

Leg

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30
Q

Facts about Amiodarone?

A
  • Prescribed for many Dysrhythmias including Atrial Fibrillation.
  • It blocks the Na+ channels, beta receptors, Calcium channels.
  • Its a very lipid soluble.
  • Has a very long half life (about 100 days)
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31
Q

Which two Anticoagulants should we monitor with labs?

A
  • Warfarin - INR
  • Heprarine - PT
  • Enoxaparin - anti-Xa (0.6
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32
Q

Facts about Antithrombins

A
  • They are Old Anticoagulants
  • They start working immediately
  • Prevents and treats various thromboembolic disorders (DVT, PE, Atrial fibrillation)
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33
Q

What are the signs of Digoxin toxicity?

A
  • GI disturbance
  • Vomiting
  • Nausea
  • Anorexia
  • Bradydysrhythmias (most feared)
  • dizziness
  • Fatigue
  • Fainting
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34
Q

Facts about Nitrates?

A
  • Prescribed Angina Pectoris.
  • Prescribed for Acute heart attacks (MI)
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35
Q

Facts about Theophylline?

A
  • Its an old respiratory drug
  • Prescribed for Asthma and COPD
  • Its a Narrow therapeutic index drug.
  • It belongs to a small group of drugs called Methylxanthines.
  • Causes brochodilation.
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36
Q

Why do we need cholesterol?

A
  • It makes hormones
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37
Q

High yield concepts of Warfarin?

A
  • Warfarin monitoring - (INR between 2 and 3)
  • Dietary Vitamin K (Antidote)
  • Bleeding - (Use soft toothbrush & Electric razor)
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38
Q

Examples of Heart failure medications?

A
  • Digoxin
  • Adrenergic agonists
  • ACE Inhibitors
  • Diuretics
  • ARBs
  • Beta-blockers
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39
Q

Dopamine Receptors

A
  • They are found in the Kidneys.
  • When activated they help increase blood flow.
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40
Q

Sign and symptoms of DVT?

A
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Redness
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41
Q

Unstable Angina

A
  • Happens when one of the plaques in the Coronary artery raptures and causes a clot that partially blocks the vessels.
  • It happens at anytime. its considered a Medical Emergency.
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42
Q

Facts about Inhaled anticholinergics?

A
  • These is used in Emergency situations.
  • They cause bronchodilation.
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43
Q

Signs and symptoms of Allergic Rhinitis?

A
  • Runny nose
  • Sneezing
  • Itchy eyes
  • Nasal Congestion
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44
Q

Facts about Nasal Glucocorticoids?

A
  • These are steroids that are sprayed into the nose.
  • They treat Allergic Rhinitis.
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45
Q

High yield concepts of Ezetimide?

A
  • It well tolerated, when combined with a statin.
  • Myopathy.
  • Hepatotoxicity.
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46
Q

Facts about Statins?

A
  • They help prevent heart attacks and strokes.
  • They cause a decrease in LDL and VLDL cholesterol.
47
Q

What are the Risk factor for DVT?

A
  • Smoking
  • Immobility
  • Surgeries
  • Trauma
  • Cancers
  • Oral contraceptives
48
Q

High yield concepts of Theophilline?

A
  • Narrow therapeutic index
  • Toxicity
  • Food interactions (Avoid caffeine)
49
Q

High yield concepts of Nasal Glucocorticoids?

A
  • Illegal Use (Pseudoephedrine).
  • Increased Sympathetic Stimulation - (Pt with the history of Hypertension and Cardiac disease should avoid these meds).
50
Q

High yield concepts of Novel oral Anticoagulation?

A
  • Bleeding
  • GI Bleeds
  • Dabigatran storage - (Keep dry & away from moisture)
51
Q

Stable Angina

A
  • Happens when there is a partial blockage of the Coronary Artery.
  • When the Pt is resting there is no pain,but when the Pt is doing any physical activity there is pain.
52
Q

What is the Antidote of Digoxin?

A

Digoxin Immune Fab

53
Q

High yield concepts of Antithrombins?

A
  • Bleeding
  • Enoxaparin administration (Love handles SubQ)
  • Lab monitoring of Enoxaparin
  • Lab monitoring of Heparin Check PTT btw 60 & 80 secs.
  • Antidote - “Protamine sulfate”
  • Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) - Heparin crisis
54
Q

Examples of Antihistamines?

A
  • First Generations (Old Antihistamines)
    * Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
    * Hydroxyzine
    * Promethazine
  • Second Generations (Newer Antihistamines)
    * Loratadine
    * Cetirizine
    * Fexofenadine
55
Q

Nitrates medications?

A
  • Nitroglycerin
  • Isosorbide
56
Q

T4 is converted into _________?

A

T3 hormone

57
Q

Beta 1 Receptors

A
  • They are found in the Heart.
  • When activated they cause the heart to beat faster and stronger.
58
Q

High yield concepts of Clopidogrel?

A
  • Bleeding
  • Drug interactions (its often combined with Aspirin to increase effectiveness, but also increases the risk of bleeding
59
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hyperthyroidsm?

A
  • Sweeting
  • Anxiety
  • Irritability
  • Weight loss
  • Bulging eyes
  • Tachycardia
  • Heat intolerance
  • Goiter
  • Fatigue
  • Muscle weakness
    -Hyperactivity
  • Insomnia
60
Q

High yield concepts of Adrenergic Agonists

A
  • Cardiac Complications.
  • Necrosis.
61
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hypothyroidsm?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Weight gain
  • Depression
  • Constipation
  • Cold intolerance
  • Cretinism
62
Q

Beta 2 Agonist Medications?

A

(They end with “Terol”)

  • Albuterol
  • Levalbuterol
  • Formoterol
  • Salmeterol
63
Q

Facts about Clopidogrel

A
  • Its prescribed to Pt with a history of Heart attacks, Ischemic stroke & peripheral arterial disease.
64
Q

What should a nurse do first before giving Digoxin to a Pt?

A
  • Draw blood to check on the digoxin levels in the blood before giving.
65
Q

Signs and symptoms of Asthma?

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Chest tightness
  • Coughing
  • Wheezing
66
Q

Facts about Asthma?

A
  • Causes difficulty moving air through their airway.
  • Triggered by environmental pollutantsC
67
Q

Facts about COPD ?

A
  • Chronic Bronchitis & Emphysema
  • Causes severe damage to the lung tissue
  • Causes difficulty getting Air out of their airways
68
Q

Examples of Novel oral Anticoagulation?

A
  • Apixaban
  • Dabigatran
  • Rivaroxaban
69
Q

What the Digoxin’s safe levels?

A

Between 1.0 and 2.0

70
Q

High yield concepts of Inhaled anticholinergics?

A
  • Dry mouth
  • Hoarseness
71
Q

Facts of Methimazole?

A
  • Treats hyperthyroidism.
  • Prevents hyperthyroidism caused by thyroid surgery.
72
Q

Facts about Novel oral Anticoagulation?

A
  • They are Newer Anticoagulants.
  • They prevent clots and cause fewer brain bleeds.
  • Prevents and treats various thromboembolic disorders (DVT, PE, and Atrial fibrillation)
73
Q

Dyslipidemia (unhealthy cholesterol) is diagnosed via?

A

Blood tests.

74
Q

Montelukast its normally takes at ______?

A

Night
(Because Asthma worsens at night)

75
Q

High yield concepts of Nasal Glucocorticoids?

A
  • Time frame (It takes a WEEK before its effective)
  • Nose bleeds (They dry the nasal mucosa)
  • Administrations (Shake & prime if its not been used for long)
76
Q

Facts about Ezetimibe?

A
  • Prescribed to lower cholesterol, Especially LDL.
  • Its combined with other Statins.
77
Q

Angine Pectoris is __________________?

A

Severe Chest pain

78
Q

Facts of Levothyroxine?

A
  • Its the second most commonly prescribed to treat hypothyroidism.
  • Its converts T4 to T3.
  • Its a Narrow therapeutic index
  • Normal range for TSH 0.5 to 5mU/L
79
Q

High yield concepts of Inhaled glucocorticoid

A
  • Oral Candidiasis (Pt should rinse their mouth)
  • Oral Glucocorticoids (they don’t absorb into the body)
80
Q

High yield concepts of Antihistamines?

A
  • CNS Depressions (Pt should avoid alcohol)
  • Anticholinergic Effects

(Both happened when taking 1st Generations Antihistamines)

81
Q

What are the causes of Heart failure?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Heart attacks (MI)
  • Faulty heart valves
  • Dysrhythmias
  • Stiff ventricles - (Restrictive cardiomyopathy)
  • Abnormally thin & enlarged ventricles (Dilated cardiomyopathy)
82
Q

High yield concepts of Amiodarone?

A
  • Amiodarone toxicities (Not good for long term use)
  • Dysrhythmias
83
Q

Signs and symptoms of COPD?

A
  • Cyanosis (blue bloaters)
  • Dyspnea
  • Chronic cough
  • Wheezing
  • Crackles
  • Hypoxemia
  • Lots of sputum production
  • Barrel chest (emphysema)
  • Pursed lips (pink puffers)
84
Q

High yield concepts of Statins?

A
  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Myopathy & Rhabdomyolysis
  • Time of Dose
  • Food Interactions
  • Contraindications
85
Q

Facts about Warfarin

A
  • Its an Old Anticoagulant.
  • Most common blood thinner
  • INR lab monitoring when taking this meds
  • Prevents blot formation in the heart valves.
  • Prevents and treats various thromboembolic disorders (DVT, PE, Atrial fibrillation, heart attacks)
  • They take 5 days to reach the therapeutic level.
86
Q

Whats the normal Theophilline blood range

A

Between 10 and 20 mcg/mL

87
Q

Importance of the T3 hormone?

A
  • Increases metabolism.
  • Stimulates growth & development.
  • Stimulates the heart.
  • Gives the body more energy.
  • Makes the body warm.
88
Q

Facts about Antihistamines?

A

🔶 First Generations (Old Antihistamines)
* Prescribed for :-
1) Allergic reactions
2) Nausea
3) Cough
4) Insomnia
5) Itching (Pruritis)

       * Prescribed for Extrapyramidal effects (Benadryl)

       *  Can easily cross the Blood Brain Barrier

🔶 Second Generations (Newer Antihistamines)
* It has a long half-life
* Do not cross the Blood Brain Barrier
* Good choice for Allergic Rhinitis

89
Q

Inhaled anticholinergics Medications?

A

(They end with “tropium”)

  • Ipratropium
  • Tiotropium
90
Q

Facts about Inhaled glucocorticoid?

A
  • Used for Asthma & COPD
91
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A

-It’s an irregular and often very rapid heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots in the heart.

  • Increases the risk of stroke, heart failure and other heart-related complications.
  • This happens when the SA node is not in control of initiating the heartbeat.
  • Causes an unclear P wave on their EKG causing the rhythm to look irregular.
92
Q

Examples of Statins Medication?

A

(They end with “Vastatin”)

  • Atorvastatin
  • Lovastatin
  • Pravastatin
  • Rosuvastatin
  • Simvastatin
93
Q

High yield concepts of Methimazole?

A
  • Overmedication - (monitor Pt for signs of hypothyroidism)
  • Agranulocytosis - (Pt may report infection e.g sore throat and fever)
94
Q

Other Dysrhythmia medications

A
  • Blood thinners
  • Digoxin
  • Adenosine (Not a treatment for Atrial Fibrillation)
95
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • Cause by the low secretion of the Thyroid hormone.
  • Hashimoto’s disease
96
Q

Examples of Fibrates Medication?

A
  • Fenofibrate
  • Gemfibrozil
97
Q

Beta 2 Receptors

A
  • They are found in the Lungs.
  • When activated they cause Bronchodilation, which causes the airway to open up.
98
Q

Facts about Montelukast?

A
  • Prescribed for Asthma.
  • Prescribed for seasonal Allergic Rhinitis.
  • Its meant for maintenance therapy.
99
Q

High yield concepts of Fibrates?

A
  • Myopathy
  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Diarrhea (Fibrates)
  • Risk for Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)
100
Q

Types of Cholesterol?

A
  • Very low-density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
  • Low-density protein (LDL) - Bad Cholesterol
  • High-density protein (HDL) - Good Cholesterol
101
Q

Medications that treat Blood clots?

A
  • Warfarin
  • Antithrombins
  • Novel oral anticoagulants
  • Antiplatelet medications
102
Q

Examples of Antithrombins?

A

(They end with “parin)

  • Enoxaparin (Lovenox)
  • Heparin
103
Q

DVT clots get stuck in the _____?

104
Q

Hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Cause by too much secretion of the Thyroid hormone.
  • Grave’s disease
105
Q

Facts about Fibrates?

A
  • Prescribed for patients with high triglyceride (VLDL) and LDL levels.
106
Q

Examples of Adrenergic Agonist medications?

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Dopamine
  • Dobutamine
  • Norepinephrine
107
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Atrial Fibrillation?

A
  • Heart palpitations (Pounding heartbeat)
  • Chest pains
  • Lightheadedness
  • Dizziness
  • Dyspnea
  • Weakness
108
Q

Facts about Adenosine?

A
  • Its administered for Superventricular tachycardia (SVT)
  • It converts SVT into the SA and AV nodes.
  • It doesn’t treat Atrial Fibrillation.
109
Q

Digoxin is commonly prescribed for?

A
  • Heart failure
  • Cardiac dysthymia (Atrial Fibrillation
110
Q

When should a Nurse hold on to Heparin or stop it?

A
  • When the Platelet levels drop.
111
Q

P wave

A
  • Is one of the waves that starts every heartbeat.
  • Its the small bump at the beginning that represents and (SA) node electrical event.
112
Q

Asthma and COPD medication options?

A
  • Beta2 agonists (long and short acting)
  • Inhaled anticholinergics (long and short acting)
  • Inhaled glucocorticoid
  • Methylxanthines
113
Q

Examples of Nasal Glucocorticoids?

A

(They end with “Sone”)

  • Fluticasone
  • Mometasone

LCON Pharmacology. (21 decks)

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