Pharm Basics (M1) Flashcards
What is the actions of a drug on the body? 1. What are the factors that determine this? 2
- pharmacodynamics
- mechanism of action, therapeutic effect
- side effects
What is the actions of the body on a drug? 1. What are the factors that determine this? 2
- pharmacokinetics
2. absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
What is the maximal response of a drug, regardless of the dose called?
efficacy
What is the amount of drug needed to achieve a desired or given effect? 1. How is this usually labeled on a graph? 2
- potency
2. ED50
What is the dose that gives 50% a max efficacy? 1. What is the does that is 50% of lethal dose? 2
- ED50
2. LD50
What is the measurement that gives the idea of relative safety of a drug? 1. What is the equations for this? 2
- therapeutic index
2. LD50/ED50
What does a non-competitive antagonist alter that a competitive antagonist does not alter?
reduced drug efficacy
What does a competitive antagonist alter that a non-competitive antagonist does not alter?
increases ED50
What are the advantages of topical application of medication? 1. What are the disadvantages? 2
- localized so less side effects and can be directly applied with high concentration
- can’t get to deep tissues
What are the advantages of oral administration of medication? 1. What are the disadvantages? 2
- get meds to deeper structures (lids, orbit, vitreous, choroid, etc)
- more side effects and cross reactivity
What are the different type of injections into the eye?
- periocular (subconjunctival, Sub-Tenon’s, retrobulbar)
- intracameral
- intravitreal
What is an injection into the anterior chamber called?
intracameral
What is the ophthalmic drug formulation that is dissolved completely in liquid and is evenly distributed?
solution
What is the ophthalmic drug formulation that is solid so must be shaken before use?
suspension
What is the ophthalmic drug formulation that has a a high viscosity to increase contact time and can act as a protective barrier on the eye?
ointment
What is the ophthalmic drug formulation that that has a medium amount of viscosity that allows for longer contact time with reduced blur?
gel
What is the ophthalmic drug formulation that is specific for skin because of its ability to absorb through keratinized epithelium?
cream
What is the ophthalmic drug formulation that is mostly just used for diagnostic purposes?
sprays
What is the ophthalmic drug formulation that is a pre-moistened cloth used on lids, lashes, and margins?
scrubs
What is the ophthalmic preservative that is a mercury derivative, has a high allergic reactivity, and is hardly ever used?
Thimerosal
What is the ophthalmic preservative that is a preservative and disinfectant but denatures lipids which can lead to problems by forming a concentration barrier if absorbed into a contact lens?
Benzalkonium Chloride (BAK or BAC)
What are the commonly used ophthalmic preservatives?
- Thimerosal
- BAK
- EDTA and chlorobutanol
- chlorhexidine
- polyquad
What are the “vanishing” preservatives that are denatured by light (Brand and product names)?
- Purite (Refresh and Alphagan P)
2. OcuPure (Blink)
What are the “vanishing” preservatives that are denatured by the enzymes in tears (Brand and product names)?
- Sodium Perborate (GenTeal and TheraTears)
2. SofZia (Travatan-Z)
What are the three major factors that lead to compliance issues?
- education of importance of treatment and proper installation
- poor understanding of use
- cost
How long of a time period can optometrist dispense for?
72 hour supply or smallest sample dose
What can topical medications be used for by an optometrist?
treat disorders of eye, adnexa, and visual system
What can oral medications be used for by an optometrist?
- anti-infectives
- anti-glaucoma
- anti-allergy
- anti-inflammatory (w/ restrictions on steroids)
- analgesics (w/ restrictions on Schedule II, III, and IV substances)
What are the four lines of a written prescription in the correct order?
- inscription
- subscription
- signa
- refill allocation and instructions
What is the “Rx” symbol that indicates “you take” on a prescription called?
superscription
On a prescription, what is the medication prescribed including the concentration/strength and formulation?
inscription
On a prescription, what is the dispensing directions to the pharmacist?
subscription
On a prescription, what are the directions for the patient called?
signa
What is the legally binding phrase that makes it so that pharmacists cannot substitute a drug for a generic or other?
Dispense as written (DAW)
What are the requirements for a generic drug?
- same active ingredient
- same therapeutic effect (not same efficacy)
- labeled with same warnings
- follow FDA manufacturing and quality guidelines
Describe each of the four phases of FDA testing?
Phase I: small scale on normal humans
Phase II: small scale on target disease humans
Phase III: large scale on target disease humans
Pase IV: post marketing studies
What is the phase of the FDA testing that is done by the companies or other sources that are not the FDA?
Phase IV
What are each of the risk values for FDA pregnancy categories A, B, C, D, and X?
A. no risk
B. no evidence of risk
C. risk not ruled out or no studies have been done
D. evidence of human fetal risk
X. definitive evidence of human fetal abnormalities
What does the new FDA pregnancy labeling provide info on?
- dose adjustments
- maternal adverse reactions
- fetal adverse reactions
- labor or delivery changes
What does new FDA labeling info provide regarding reproduction?
any suggested drug-associated effects on fertility
What drug class is the yellow cap color?
0.5% beta blocker
What drug class is the light blue cap color?
0.25% beta blocker
What drug class is the dark blue cap color?
beta blocker combo agent
What drug class is the light green cap color?
non beta blocker combo agent
What drug class is the red cap color?
mydriatics/cycloplegics
What drug class is the green cap color?
miotics
What drug class is the pink cap color?
steroids
What drug class is the gray cap color?
NSAIDs
What drug class is the brown/tan cap color?
anti-infectives
What drug class is the orange cap color?
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
What drug class is the teal cap color?
prostaglandin analogs
What drug class is the purple cap color?
alpha 2 agonists
