Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NSG > Pharm #6 > Flashcards

Pharm #6 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria are classified by:

A

Shape and Ability of the cell wall to retain stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Shape

A

Bacilli or Cocci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bacilli-

A

elonged or rod shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cocci-

A

spherical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Staphylococci-

A

clusters arrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Streptococci-

A

chains arrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gram-positive-

A

cell wall is retaining the stain. Purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Gram-negative-

A

cell wall does not retain stain- red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Single celled disease producing organisms classified by shape and staining to determine

A

type and how to treat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Antibacterials vs. Antibiotics/Antimicrobials

A

Used interchangeably

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Antibacterial

A

inhibiting for killing bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Antibiotics/Antimicrobials

A

can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bacteriostatic drugs

A

inhibit growth of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bactericidal drugs

A

kill bacteria. The difference is the dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Antibacterials/Antibiotics - How they are made.

A

Natural-penicillin vs. Synthetic- sulfonamides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Minimum effective concentration.

A

Therapeutic Index-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

important for looking how a drug and antibacterial is effective in their system.

A

Therapeutic Index-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Peak best range to get the most effectiveness.

A

Therapeutic Index-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC ) to toxic level-

A

to not overload with the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Narrow therapeutic range- Peak and trough

A

closely monitor range in the blood by drawing peak and trough levels. More frequently drawn is troughs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

45mins-1hr after drug administered

A

Peak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

drawn 15 mins before the dose is given

A

Trough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Before giving next dose, wait for the

A

trough level to come back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Antibacterial action

A

Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis
Alteration of membrane permeability
Inhibition of protein synthesis
Inhibition of synthesis of bacterial RNA and DNA
Interference with metabolism within the cell- coping mechanisms to metabolise on its own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis

A
  • causing cell wall to break down which kills cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Alteration of membrane permeability

A

alters physically there which causes cell lysis to occur. Damage property cell structure itself.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Inhibition of

A

protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Inhibition of synthesis of

A

bacterial RNA and DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Interference with metabolism within the cell

A

coping mechanisms to metabolize on its own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Natural Body Defenses-

A

Age, Nutrition, Immunoglobulins, Circulation, WBCs, Organ function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Age-

A

Elderly and Infants are at risk for infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Nutrition-

A

Malnourished unable to fight infection properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Immunoglobulins-

A

antibodies-proteins made by immune system natural fighting off microorganisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Circulation-

A

decreased circulation effects healing process and the amount of antibacterial agents that can reach the area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

WBCs-

A

help fight infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Organ function-

A

Contributing to the body’s natural response to fight infection. Tonsils, bone marrow, lymph nodes, Thymus/spleen helps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Resistance to antibacterials

A

Inherent resistance
Acquired resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Inherent resistance-

A

in genetic makeup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Acquired resistance-

A

overuse or not enough antibiotic use.
Caused by exposure to drug.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Classification AKA nosocomial infections

A

Health care acquired infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Often due to drug resistant bacteria.

A

Health care acquired infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Effected by HC acquired infections-

A

hospitalization-prolongs it.
Increase personal and HC facility healthcare facility cost.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The sensitivity of bacteria to a antibacterial can decrease causing

A

resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Culture and sensitivity test-

A

narrow spectrum for antibiotics to tx bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Bacteria can evolve and develop to change the ways they

A

are killed by drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Antibiotic resistant bacteria-

A

MERSA methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
VREF- vancomycin resistance enterococcus faecium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Taking antibiotics unnecessarily

A

Antibiotic misuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Taking antibiotics incorrectly

A

Antibiotic misuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Increases antibiotic resistance

A

Antibiotic misuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Can occur between antibacterial drugs with similar actions

A

Cross-resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

PCNs and cephalosporins

A

Cross-resistance Example:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Doses should not be skipped and full course of antibiotics should be completed to help prevent

A

bacterial resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Used only for severe infections that are not responsive to single antibiotics.

A

antibiotic combinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Additive effect- 2+2=4 creates perfect response

A

antibiotic combinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Potentiate- 2+2=6, potentiates the effectiveness

A

antibiotic combinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Antagonistic –

A

not a desired effect.
Combo that results in decreased effectiveness.
Ex: Penicillin and tetracycline.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Antibacterials: General Adverse Reactions

A

Allergic reaction, Superinfection, Organ toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Allergic reaction- Mild to Severe

A

Rash
Pruritus-Itching
Hives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Allergic reaction Mild Tx:

A

antihistamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Allergic reaction Severe Tx-

A

Anaphylactic shock give epinephrine or bronchodilator. Solumedrol to help with inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Superinfection-

A

occurs when normal bacterial flora are killed by antibacterial drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Secondary infection

A

Superinfection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Often fungal (Common) Vaginal candidiasis, thrush,- tx:niastatin

A

Superinfection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

C. Diff- GI tract flora wiped out. Occurs with broad spectrum antibiotics

A

Superinfection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Organ toxicity

A

Ear- ototoxicity
Liver- Hepatotoxicity
Kidney- Nephrotoxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Narrow spectrum-

A

effective against one type of organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Narrow spectrum-

A

effective against one type of organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Primarily effective against one bacteria type (selective)

A

Narrow spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Narrow spectrum Examples:

A

penicillin, erythromycin. Only effective on gram positive bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Gives before getting results of culture and sensitivity back

A

Broad spectrum-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Effective against gram-positive and gram-negative (non-selective)

A

Broad spectrum-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Used before Culture & Sensitivity results are available

A

Broad spectrum-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Broad spectrum Examples:

A

tetracycline, cephalosporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Structure of penicillins

A

Beta-lactam ring structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

A

Penicillins Action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Determines Bacteriostatic or bactericidal
Depending upon drug and dosage

A

Penicillins Action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Beta-lactamases (penicillinases)-

A

Enzymes that inactivate penicillin’s or other drugs with ring structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Narrow-spectrum- use on gram positive bacteria.
Not Beta-lactamases (penicillinases)

A

Basic penicillins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Basic penicillins Effective against

A

gram-positive and a few gram-negative bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Basic penicillins Treats

A

anthrax, tetanus, diphtheria, endocarditis, respiratory infections, syphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Penicillin-G

A

First developed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Penicillin VK

A

Basic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Broad-spectrum penicillins Effective

A

against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Broad-spectrum penicillins Treats

A

respiratory, skin, intraabdominal, urinary tract, and gynecologic infections
Otitis media, sinusitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Not penicillinase resistant

A

Broad-spectrum penicillins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Broad-spectrum penicillins Most common Examples:

A

amoxicillin & ampicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins- tx

A

gram + bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

A

Narrow-spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins effective against

A

gram-positive bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus

A

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Treats endocarditis, meningitis, bacteremia, skin, and respiratory infections

A

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins Examples:

A

Dicloxacillin, nafcillin, & oxacillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Extended-spectrum penicillins

A

Broad-spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Extended-spectrum penicillins effective against

A

gram-negative bacteria that are difficult to eradicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Extended-spectrum penicillins Treats

A

respiratory, intraabdominal, and skin infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Extended-spectrum penicillins Example:

A

piperacillin, tazobactam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Beta-lactamase

A

breaks down penicillin inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Beta-lactamase Action

A

Inhibit bacterial beta-lactamases extending their antimicrobial spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Beta-lactamase Not given alone

A

Combined with penicillinase-sensitive penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Beta-lactamase Examples:

A

clavulanic acid, sulbactam & tazobactam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

clavulanic acid-

A

penicillin combined with amoxicillin to get Augmentin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

sulbactam-

A

penicillin with ampicillin to make unicin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

tazobactam-

A

penicillin and piperacillin to make zocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Given after penicillin alone is not

A

effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Penicillins
Side effects/adverse reactions

A

Hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis
Superinfection- wiping out normal flora
Tongue discoloration, stomatitis
GI distress- educate with food to decrease GI distress
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
Rash to anaphylactic shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Occur in 5-10% of the population

A

Penicillins SE/dverse reacitons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Penicillins Severe side effects-

A

laryngeal edema- causes severe bronchoconstriction, stridor, and hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Penicillins Assessment-

A

Allergic to pen or cephalosporins. Watch closely if giving ceph. Watch for liver enzyme labs. Urine output recording. monitoring antibacterial effectiveness of infection worsening. Culture and sensitivity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Penicillins Nursing Interventions

A

Allergic reaction watching-having epinephrine available for anaphylaic shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Penicillins-Education-

A

Not giving extended spectrum penicillin with an aminoglycoside bc it will inactivate the aminoglycoside.
Effect of amoxicillin will be decreased with acidic foods and juices.
Watching for bleeding- high doses of pen can caused decreased platelet aggregation.
Watch iv site- piggybacking it with something compatible with iv solution.
Take the whole coarse of antibiotics.
Report allergies-itching hives report to chart.
Encouraging fluids esp. with fever.
Females- on antibacterial needs back up form of contraception for oral contraceptives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Cephalosporins structure

A

Beta-lactam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Cephalosporins Action

A

Inhibit bacterial cell-wall synthesis
Bactericidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Cephalosporins Treats

A

Respiratory, urinary, skin, bone, joint, and genital infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Cephalosporins Groups

A

First, second, third, fourth, and fifth generation.
Each generation becomes more effective for a broad spectrum antibiotic.
Increased resistance to beta-lactamases.
If get to the 5th generation= superinfection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Can be allergic to both

A

penicillins and cephalsporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Starts with CEF generic names for __

A

Cephalosporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Increased ability to cross BBB

A

Cephalosporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

Cephalosporins First-generation

A

Effective against mostly gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria- staph and strep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

Cephalosporins Second-generation

A

Effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

Effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

A

Cephalosporins Third-generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

Has increased resistance to destruction by beta-lactamases
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)- prototype cephalosporin. Common in class

A

Cephalosporins Third-generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

Effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

A

Cephalosporins Fourth-generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

Highly resistant to beta lactamases

A

Cephalosporins Fourth-generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

Broad-spectrum

A

Cephalosporins Fourth-generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

Good CSF penetration

A

Cephalosporins Fourth-generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

Effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

A

Cephalosporins Fifth-generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

Broad-spectrum

A

Cephalosporins Fifth-generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

Highly resistant to beta lactamases

A

Cephalosporins Fifth-generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

Only cephalosporins effective against MRSA

A

Cephalosporins Fifth-generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

Cephalosporins Side effects/adverse reactions

A

Hypersensitivity, Anaphylaxis
Superinfection like c.diff
Headache, dysgeusia, GI distress
Increased bleeding, seizures
Nephrotoxicity
Elevated hepatic enzymes
Stevens-Johnson syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

Just bc allergic to penicillin- Does not mean they cannot get cephalosporins but

A

also puts a risk bc of similarity of structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

Increased risk of toxicity when taken loop diuretic

A

Cephalosporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

Monitor liver enzymes bc they can become elevated

A

Cephalosporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

Cephalosporins Drug interactions

A

Alcohol
Uricosurics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

May cause disulfiram like reaction
Flushing, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and muscular cramps

A

Alcohol and Cephalosporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

Decrease cephalosporin excretion- toxicity. May need decreased dose

A

Uricosurics and Cephalosporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

Cephalosporins Assessment-

A

Liver and kidney labs. Allergies. Cultures to determine narrow spectrum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

Cephalosporins Nursing Interventions

A

IV infusing at least 30 mins to decrease irritation to the veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

Cephalosporins Education

A

advise to increase yogurt/with good bacteria.
Follow coarse of instructions the whole time.
Take with food if GI upset which is common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

Erythromycin

A

Macrolides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

Inhibit protein synthesis

A

Macrolides: Erythromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

Broad spectrum

A

Macrolides: Erythromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

Effective against most gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria

A

Macrolides: Erythromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

Bacteriostatic with low to moderate doses

A

Macrolides: Erythromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

Bactericidal with high doses

A

Macrolides: Erythromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

Macrolides: Erythromycin Use

A

Mild to moderate respiratory, sinuses, skin, soft tissue, GI tract infections, diphtheria, impetigo, STIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

Macrolides examples

A

AZITHROMYCIN, CLARITHROMYCIN, & ERYTHROMYCIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

Best option if someone cannot take penicillin

A

AZITHROMYCIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

Not given IM bc it is painful

A

Macrolides: Erythromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

Given orally and IV- administer slowly to decrease irritation to veins

A

Macrolides: Erythromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

Macrolides: Erythromycin Side effects/adverse reactions

A

Hypersensitivity, Anaphylaxis
Superinfection
headache, seizures
Dysgeusia, tooth discoloration, GI distress
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
Nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity- when combined with other drugs
Tinnitus/ototoxicity
Stevens-Johnson syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

hepatotoxicity is reversed once the drug is discontinued

A

Macrolides: Erythromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

Increase serum levels of Warfarin(anticoagulant), theophylline(bronchodilator), and carbamazepine(epileptic drug)

A

Macrolides Drug interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

Erythromycin & Fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, (antifungals) verapamil, diltiazem (CCBs)- increases levels of these drugs

A

Macrolides Drug interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

Azithromycin & Antacids-decrease levels of these drugs

A

Macrolides Drug interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

INR-Warfarin monitoring

A

Macrolides Drug interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

Macrolides Assessment-

A

Watching liver and kidney labs.
Drug history.
Frequently taking antacids educate to take 2 hours before or after of administration of Azithromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

Macrolides Nursing Interventions

A

extra caution to anyone with liver impairment (or disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

Macrolides Education-

A

S/E reporting. S/Sx superinfection-diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

Inhibit protein synthesis

A

Oxazolidinones Action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

Effective against gram-positive bacteria

A

Oxazolidinones Action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

Bacteriostatic and bactericidal
Dependent on dosage

A

Oxazolidinones Action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
163
Q

Oxazolidinones Use

A

Bacteremia, sepsis, MRSA, VREF
Respiratory and skin infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
164
Q

Oxazolidinones Examples:

A

linezolid (Zyvox) & tidezolid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
165
Q

Oxazolidinones Side effects/adverse reactions

A

Hypersensitivity, Anaphylaxis
Tongue and tooth discoloration, GI distress
Peripheral neuropathy, headache, seizure
Anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
Stevens-Johnson syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
166
Q

Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

A

Lincosamides Action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
167
Q

Effective against most gram-positive bacteria

A

Lincosamides Action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
168
Q

S. aureus and anaerobic organisms

A

Lincosamides Action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
169
Q

Bacteriostatic and bactericidal
Dependent on dosage

A

Lincosamides Action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
170
Q

Acne

A

Lincosamides Uses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
171
Q

Bacteremia, septicemia, MRSA,

A

Lincosamides Uses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
172
Q

Respiratory, intraabdominal, skin, gynecologic, and bone/joint infections

A

Lincosamides Uses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
173
Q

Lincosamides Examples:

A

clindamycin & lincomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
174
Q

Lincosamides Main – better absorbed in the GI tract

A

clindamycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
175
Q

Lincosamides Side effects/adverse reactions

A

Hypersensitivity, Anaphylaxis
Superinfection
Xerosis, dysgeusia, glossitis, stomatitis, GI distress
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
Pancytopenia
Stevens-Johnson syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
176
Q

Lincosamides Drug Interactions

A

Incompatible with aminophylline, phenytoin, barbiturates, and ampicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
177
Q

Drug history before giving

A

Lincosamides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
178
Q

Any antibacterials risk for

A

superinfection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
179
Q

Glycopeptides Action

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Bactericidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
180
Q

Respiratory, skin, and bone/joint infections

A

Glycopeptides Use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
181
Q

Bacteremia, septicemia, and endocarditis

A

Glycopeptides Use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
182
Q

MRSA, and other infections that do not responds to or are resistant to other antibiotics Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea

A

Glycopeptides Use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
183
Q

Tx- C-Diff

A

Glycopeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
184
Q

Glycopeptides Example:

A

Vancomycin(main glycol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
185
Q

Glycopeptides Side effects/adverse reactions

A

Hypersensitivity, Anaphylaxis
Superinfection
Red neck or red man syndrome
Disulfiram
GI distress and peripheral edema
Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Stevens-Johnson syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
186
Q
  • when drug given too fast or infused at an improper rate. Via IV. Causing redness, blochness. Neck arms upperbody and back. Not considered allergic reaction
A

Red neck or red man syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
187
Q

like reaction to alcohol

A

Disulfiram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
188
Q

– can result in permanent hearing loss

A

Ototoxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
189
Q

Dimenhydrinate- mask ototoxicity if taken with vancomyicin

A

Glycopeptides Drug Interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
190
Q

Furosemide, aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, colistin, cyclosporine- increase the effect of the nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity that vancomycin can cause

A

Glycopeptides Drug Interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
191
Q

Methotrexate(DMARDs)- vancomycin can inhibit the excretion of methotrexate. Can become very sick

A

Glycopeptides Drug Interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
192
Q

Cholestyramine, colestipol(lipid reducing agents)- decrease the absorption of oral vancomycin

A

Glycopeptides Drug Interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
193
Q

Ketolides Action

A

Blocks bacterial protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
194
Q

Ketolides Use

A

Treats community-acquired pneumonia, MRSA
Effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
195
Q

Ketolides Example:

A

telithromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
196
Q

Structure like a macrolide

A

Ketolides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
197
Q

Derived from erythromycin- synthetic bacterial pulled from another synthetic antibacterial

A

Ketolides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
198
Q

Ketolides Side effects/adverse reactions

A

Hypersensitivity, Anaphylaxis
Dizziness, headache, visual disturbances
GI distress, dysgeusia
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
Hepatoxicity
Exacerbation of myasthenia gravis- get med history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
199
Q

Ketolides Drug Interactions- ALOT

A

Statins, Itraconazole, ketoconazole, benzos
Rifampin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital
Cisapride, pimozide
Digoxin, metoprolol, midazolam, ritonavir sirolimus, tacrolimus
Ergot alkaloid derivates- migrinol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
200
Q

Ketolides contraindications

A

High cholesterol, seizures, a-fib, HTN, migraines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
201
Q

Inhibit protein synthesis

A

Tetracyclines Action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
202
Q

Bacteriostatic effect-slows growth

A

Tetracyclines Action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
203
Q

Broad spectrum

A

Tetracyclines Action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
204
Q

Effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, such as Helicobacter pylori, MRSA

A

Tetracyclines Uses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
205
Q

Treats acne(low doses), anthrax, plague, gingivitis, cholera, STIs, skin, and urinary and respiratory infections

A

Tetracyclines Uses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
206
Q

Mainly given orally but can give IV

A

Tetracyclines Uses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
207
Q

Tetracyclines Examples:

A

tetracycline, minocycline & doxycycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
208
Q

Tetracyclines prototype

A

doxycycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
209
Q

Tetracyclines Combined with Metronidazole (antifungal) and bismufsalisate (pepto bismol) to treats ___ .
Treats acidity and bacteria

A

H pylori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
210
Q

Tetracyclines Side effects/adverse reactions

A

Hypersensitivity, Anaphylaxis
Superinfection
Photosensitivity, diplopia
Discoloration of permanent teeth
Stomatitis, glossitis, frequent GI distress
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
Teratogenic
Ototoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity
Pancytopenia, Stevens-Johnson syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
211
Q

Avoid giving to pregnant women- teratogenic and children under the age of 8

A

Tetracyclines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
212
Q

Drugs and foods with calcium & iron- inhibit absorption of tetra
Specifically Antacids

A

Tetracyclines Drug–food interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
213
Q

Milk products inhibits absorption

A

Tetracyclines Drug–food interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
214
Q

Aminoglycosides- increase risk of nephron toxicity

A

Tetracyclines Drug–food interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
215
Q

Penicillin and Tetracyclines- decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives’

A

Tetracyclines Drug–food interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
216
Q

lipid soluble drugs must be taken with milk or food

A

minocycline & doxycycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
217
Q

Tetracyclines Assessment

A

Drug history, foods eaten, renal and liver funct.
Administer Tetracycline 1 hr before a meal or 2 hrs after a meal for best outcome of absorption.
Health history in female patients who can become or are pregnant to avoid giving to them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
218
Q

Tetracyclines Nursing Interventions

A

Watching expiration dates- expired is toxic.
Kept away from light and extreme heat-causing decomposition of a drug.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
219
Q

Tetracyclines Education

A

Use sunscreen and protective clothing bc can cause photosensitivity.
Parents need to know under age of 8 should not take Tetracyclines
Educate female pts using back up contraceptives if on oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
220
Q

Glycylcyclines Action

A

Block protein synthesis in bacterial cells
Bacteriostatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
221
Q

Glycylcyclines Use

A

Complicated skin and intraabdominal infections, community-acquired pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
222
Q

Glycylcyclines Example:

A

tigeclycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
223
Q

Synthetic antibacterial from tetracycline
Infections related to skin and GI used

A

Glycylcyclines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
224
Q

Glycylcyclines Side effects/adverse reactions

A

Hypersensitivity, Anaphylaxis
Superinfection
Photosensitivity, headache, dizziness, insomnia
GI distress, anemia
Hyperglycemia, hypokalemia
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
Stevens-Johnson syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
225
Q

Similar s/e with tetracyclines

A

Glycylcyclines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
226
Q

Aminoglycosides Action

A

Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
Bactericidal- killing bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
227
Q

Treats serious respiratory, skin, urinary, bone/joint, intraabdominal infections, plague, bacteremia, septicemia, endocarditis, meningitis, and hepatic encephalopathy

A

Aminoglycosides Use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
228
Q

Bowel preparation

A

Aminoglycosides Use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
229
Q

Therapeutic Range for Gentamicin (prototype) Peak levels =

A

5-8 mcg/mL (hr after administration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
230
Q

Therapeutic Range for Gentamicin (prototype) Trough levels =

A

<1-2mcg/mL(15 mins before)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
231
Q

Aminoglycosides Examples:

A

Gentamicin & neomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
232
Q

Not well absorbed by gi tract- given IV or IM

A

Aminoglycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
233
Q

Aminoglycosides Side effects/adverse reactions

A

Hypersensitivity, Anaphylaxis
Superinfection, seizures
Photosensitivity, anemia, stomatitis, GI distress
Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity-serious effects
Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea
Stevens-Johnson syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
234
Q

Penicillins- can decrease effectiveness of amino

A

Aminoglycosides Drug interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
235
Q

Warfarin- increase effect of warfarin (monitoring PT and INR)

A

Aminoglycosides Drug interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
236
Q

Cephalosporins, vancomycin, & diuretics- Can cause increase risk of ototoxicity

A

Aminoglycosides Drug interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
237
Q

Tinnitus and progressive hearing loss are warning signs of

A

ototoxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
238
Q

Aminoglycosides Assessment-

A

Watching urine output(nephrotoxic). Liver and kidney values, drug and health history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
239
Q

Aminoglycosides Education-

A

use protective clothing and sunscreen. Adequate fluid intake to flush kidneys out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
240
Q

Interfere with enzyme DNA gyrase needed to synthesize bacterial DNA

A

Fluoroquinolones Action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
241
Q

Aminoglycosides Nursing Interventions-

A

monitor for hearing loss or possible symptoms of ototoxicity. Peak and trough for gentamycin.

242
Q

Effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

A

Fluoroquinolones Action

243
Q

Bactericidal- kill bacteria

A

Fluoroquinolones Action

244
Q

Anthrax

A

Fluoroquinolones Use

245
Q

Infections of the skin, soft tissue, bones, joints, and respiratory tract

A

Fluoroquinolones Use

246
Q

Gynecologic, intraabdominal, urinary infections

A

Fluoroquinolones Use

247
Q

Fluoroquinolones Examples:

A

ciprofloxacin (cipro) & levofloxacin (Levaquin)

248
Q

Fluoroquinolones prototype

A

ciprofloxacin (cipro)

249
Q

Fluoroquinolones - most commonly used

A

levofloxacin (Levaquin)

250
Q

Fluoroquinolones Side effects/adverse reactions

A

Hypersensitivity, Anaphylaxis
Superinfection
Photosensitivity, eye damage, visual disturbances GI distress, dysgeusia
Peripheral neuropathy
Exacerbation of myasthenia gravis
Nephrotoxicity & hepatotoxicity
Tendinitis, tendon rupture
Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea
Stevens-Johnson syndrome

251
Q

Alters DNA

A

Fluoroquinolones

252
Q

Used for pts that have no other options

A

Fluoroquinolones

253
Q

Black box warning –peripheral neuropathy, exacerbation of MG, and tendon rupture

A

Fluoroquinolones

254
Q

Antacids, Food, iron & calcium- decrease absorption of Fluoroquinolones

A

Fluoroquinolones Drug & Food Interactions

255
Q

Oral antidiabetics(metformin, hypoglycemia risk), theophylline(increase bronchodilation), & caffeine(increase stimulation- increase effects

A

Fluoroquinolones Drug & Food Interactions

256
Q

Severe gi distress- take with food but slows abruption down. Make take longer to treat

A

Fluoroquinolones

257
Q

NSAIDs & steroids- increase levofloxacin (Levaquin) levels which increases risk of toxicity

A

Fluoroquinolones Drug & Food Interactions

258
Q

Fluoroquinolones Nursing Interventions-

A

monitor lab results, vital signs esp. diabetic.
Give 2 hrs before or 2 hrs after antacid or iron for better absorption.
Have take with full glass of water.
Food will slow absorption down if gi distress problem. Theophylline levels- monitor serum levels,
watching for cns stimulation-nervousness, tachycardia

259
Q

Fluoroquinolones Assessment-

A

Drug and health history. Diet history, liver kidney labs.

260
Q

Fluoroquinolones Patient Education-

A

drink 6-8 classes of water each day to help properly excrete these drugs.
Avoid caffeine and heavy machinery until serum level steady
Sunglasses, sunblock protective clothing

261
Q

Inhibit bacterial protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis

A

Lipopeptides Action

262
Q

Effective against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA

A

Lipopeptides Action

263
Q

Bactericidal

A

Lipopeptides Action

264
Q

Lipopeptides Use

A

Treats complicated skin infections, septicemia, endocarditis

265
Q

Lipopeptides Example:

A

daptomycin(common)

266
Q

Lipopeptides Side effects/adverse reactions

A

Hypersensitivity, Anaphylaxis
Superinfection
Insomnia, dizziness
Anemia, bleeding
Chest pain, GI distress
Peripheral neuropathy
Hypo/hypertension hypo/hyperkalemia
Hypo/hyperglycemia
Rhabdomyolysis- muscle breakdown

267
Q

Lipopeptides Drug interactions- decrease effective ness of these drugs

A

Statins
Tobramycin
Warfarin

268
Q

Diabetics monitor them

A

Lipopeptides

269
Q

Inhibit bacterial synthesis of folic acid which is necessary for gram negative bacteria to grow and reproduce.

A

Sulfonamides Action

270
Q

Bacteriostatic
Effective against gram-negative bacteria

A

Sulfonamides Action

271
Q

Sulfonamides Use

A

Treats otitis media, meningitis, malaria, and respiratory and urinary tract infections

272
Q

Sulfonamides Example:

A

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

273
Q

Antifungal, Bactrim
Combo- synergistic effect for preventing bacterial resistance

A

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ)

274
Q

Drugs allergy
First antibacterial drugs developed

A

Sulfonamides

275
Q

Oral antidiabetics- increase effects

A

Sulfonamides Drug interactions

276
Q

Sulfonamides Side effects/adverse reactions

A

Hypersensitivity, Anaphylaxis
Superinfection- over use of drug
Photosensitivity
GI distress, stomatitis
Insomnia, tinnitus
Crystalluria, renal failure
Teratogenesis
Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia
Stevens-Johnson syndrome

277
Q

Antacids- affect absorption

A

Sulfonamides Drug interactions

278
Q

Warfarin- increases effects (risk for hypoglycemia

A

Sulfonamides Drug interactions

279
Q

ACE inhibitors & spironolactone

A

Sulfonamides Drug interactions

280
Q

Digoxin, phenytoin, & methotrexate- increase effectiveness = risk of toxicity

A

Sulfonamides Drug interactions

281
Q

Need to know uti frequency

A

Sulfonamides

282
Q

Increased potassium levels combined with ace inhibitors and spironolactone

A

Sulfonamides

283
Q

Sulfonamides Assessment-

A

Drug and health history. Diet history, liver kidney labs.

284
Q

Sulfonamides Nursing Interventions-

A

push fluids to prevent crystalluria, intake and output, s/sx of super infection

285
Q

Sulfonamides Education-

A

drink 2L of fluid a day.
Pregnant pts avoid drugs.
Do not take with antacids

286
Q

nitromidazoles Action

A

Disrupts DNA & protein synthesis in bacteria & protozoa

287
Q

nitromidazoles Use

A

Clostridium difficile
H. pylori
Amebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginitis
Acne
Meningitis
Intraabdominal & respiratory infections

288
Q

nitromidazoles Example:

A

metronidazole (flagyl) & Tinidazole (tindamax)

289
Q

Nitroimidazoles Side effects/adverse reactions

A

Hypersensitivity, Anaphylaxis
Superinfection
Headache, dizziness, insomnia, weakness
Dry mouth, dysgeusia, GI distress
Tongue/tooth discoloration
Peripheral neuropathy, seizures
Disulfiram-like reaction- when combined with alcohol- N/V
Stevens-Johnson syndrome

290
Q

Nitroimidazoles Drug Interactions

A

Milk thistle- decrease abruption of the nitro

291
Q

Which nursing intervention has the highest priority for the patient who is taking ceftriaxone?

A

Monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of a superinfection.

292
Q

A patient is taking piperacillin–tazobactam. Which nursing interventions are most appropriate for this drug? (Select all that apply.)

A

Send specimen to lab for C&S before antibiotic therapy is started.
Instruct patient to take entire prescribed drug.
Monitor for symptoms of superinfection, including stomatitis and vaginitis.
Remember Piperacillin-tazobactam is a penicillin with a beta lactamase inhibitor

293
Q

Injecting illegal drugs- Insafe practices of drug use

A

Tuberculosis Patients at risk

294
Q

A patient enters the emergency department with a draining wound. Once the patient is admitted and assessed, the priority nursing intervention is to

A

culture the wound.

295
Q

Health care workers who take care of high-risk patients in any setting- not knowing who has infections-patients

A

Tuberculosis Patients at risk

296
Q

Which statement will the nurse include when teaching a patient about cephalosporin therapy?

A

“Inform your health care provider if you develop mouth ulcers.”
Relates to stomatitis

297
Q

A patient asks the nurse why she gets yeast infections after a course of antibiotics. The nurse explains,

A

“Yeast infections are common when the normal body flora are disrupted.”
normal reaction for elimination/disruption of normal body flora

298
Q

A patient is receiving gentamicin therapy: 100 mg intravenously at 0800, 1600, and 2400. At 0730, the nurse is informed that peak and trough levels need to be drawn. When is the best time to obtain the peak level?

A

0900 approximately an hour after administration

299
Q

Which statement by a patient who has received teaching on tetracycline therapy indicates that more teaching is needed?

A

“I will take this medication with an antacid.”
antacid will decrease effectiveness

300
Q

A patient is admitted to the health care facility with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The nurse anticipates administration of which drug?

A

Vancomycin

301
Q

Which antibacterial drug has the potential to cause adverse reactions of tendinitis, tendon rupture, and peripheral neuropathy?

A

Fluoroquinolones
many extreme adverse effects

302
Q

When teaching a patient about trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), the nurse gives highest priority to teaching the patient to

A

Increase fluid intake.
ototoxicity is not common side effects in this drug, we want to increase fluids for excretion

303
Q

Tuberculosis Etiology

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Acid-fast bacillus

304
Q

Tuberculosis Transmission

A

Person to person via droplets
Coughing, sneezing, talking

305
Q

Immunocompromised- can have active infection of TB if infected

A

Tuberculosis Patients at risk

306
Q

Living or working in high-risk residential settings-Crowded living conditions

A

Tuberculosis Patients at risk

307
Q

acid fast bacillus is positive in someone with

A

tuberculosis

308
Q

Test done from someone’s sputum for a staining process. Looking at bacteria cell wall

A

Gram Stain

309
Q

Droplet precautions

A

Tuberculosis

310
Q

If good immune system- can still inhale droplets but the infection would be latent, can test positive but it is in a dormant stage. But if they got sick it would become active

A

Tuberculosis

311
Q

Exposed to TB (active) will have positive skin test and chest xray

A

Tuberculosis

312
Q

Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA)-

A

definitive blood test (gold standard)for tuberculosis- last option. Not done routinely

313
Q

If had an exposure they need a skin test immediately.

A

Tuberculosis

314
Q

After 8-10 weeks of exposure the test should be repeated esp. if the first test is negative. Chest xray done if skin test is positive.

A

Tuberculosis

315
Q

Immigrants get TB vaccine- Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Automatically will have a positive tb test. Skip the test and go straight to the chest xray

A

Tuberculosis

316
Q

Tuberculosis Symptoms

A

Cough
Fever
Night sweats
Anorexia
Weight loss
Chest pain
Positive acid-fast bacilli in the sputum or bloody sputum- in sputum culture of smear

317
Q

Prophylaxis for Tuberculosis

A

Isoniazid (INH)

318
Q

Prophylaxis recommended for:

A

Individuals with > 5 mm skin test
Individuals with > 10 mm skin test

319
Q

HIV positive
Anyone with recent exposure to active TB
Organ transplant recipients
Anyone immunocompromised

A

Individuals with > 5 mm skin test

320
Q

Recent immigrants
Injection drug users
Residents and employees of high-risk settings
Mycobacterium lab personnel
Children under 4 or children/adolescents exposed to high-risk individuals

A

Individuals with > 10 mm skin test

321
Q

Most commonly used drug to prevent infection

A

Isoniazid (INH)

322
Q

Antitubercular drugs First line drugs

A

Isoniazid, rifampin, rifabutin, rifapentine, pyrazinamide, ethambutol

323
Q

Antitubercular drug prototype

A

Isoniazid

324
Q

Least toxic antitubercular drug

A

Ethambutol

325
Q

Antitubercular drugs Second line drugs-

A

Aminosalicylate sodium
Capreomycin
Cycloserine
ethionamide
Streptomycin sulfate

326
Q

used with first line drugs if the bacteria is drug resistant

A

Second line drugs

327
Q

Antitubercular Drug Therapy Combination therapy phases

A

Phase 1 and 2

328
Q

Phase 1- Duration:

A

2 months- combinations of 4 different types of antituberculars

329
Q

Phase 2 - Duration:

A

4-7 months- 2 drugs taken. Not always definitive

330
Q

More often a single drug is not going to be effective against __

A

Tuberculosis

331
Q

Combination drug therapy when treating TB due to

A

drug resistance

332
Q

Antitubercular Drug Side Effects

A

Hepatotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Headaches
GI distress
Photosensitivity
Paresthesias
Hyperglycemia
Hypocalcemia
Blood dyscrasias

333
Q

Antitubercular Drugs- we want to prevent organ failure. Monitor LFTs.

A

Hepatotoxicity

334
Q

Isoniazid-

A

prophylactic drug.

335
Q

First line Tx: blocks vitamin B which causes Peripheral neuropathy – give with Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)

A

Isoniazid

336
Q

Rifampin- educate pts

A

Turns body fluids orange (tears)
GI distress common

337
Q

Ethambutol- first line drug

A

Ocular toxicity

338
Q

Streptomycin- second line drug which causes

A

Nephrotoxicity- monitor kidney labs

339
Q

Tuberculosis in Pregnancy-

A

If they have TB, the benefit will outweigh the risk because TB will be transferred to the fetus

340
Q

Tuberculosis in HIV-

A

High risk for developing TB. Leading causes of death in HIV population.

341
Q

Tuberculosis in Pediatrics-

A

Children are more likely to become sicker quicker with TB.
If child in latent phase in tb they still need to be treated

342
Q

TB drugs are extremely expensive. Assess socioeconomic status and history when looking at who may need these drugs and access to HC.

A

Antitubercular Drugs Assessment-

343
Q

If person is transient person or living in that area long term which causes multiple follow up appointments.

A

Antitubercular Drugs Assessment-

344
Q

Asses health and drug history.

A

Antitubercular Drugs Assessment-

345
Q

Liver panel, renal, and CBC.

A

Antitubercular Drugs Assessment-

346
Q

S/Sx of peripheral neuropathy-make sure taking B6.

A

Antitubercular Drugs Assessment-

347
Q

Obtaining baseline ear and eye exam/renal function

A

Antitubercular Drugs Assessment-

348
Q

Social services if financial concern to make sure they have adequate resources to get help.

A

Antitubercular Drugs Nursing Interventions-

349
Q

Assisting follow up appointments making sure they understand the importance of it.

A

Antitubercular Drugs Nursing Interventions-

350
Q

Importance about the future, following up to provider

A

Antitubercular Drugs Nursing Interventions-

351
Q

1 hr before or 2 hrs after a meal to help increased absorption rate- Isoniazid.

A

Antitubercular Drugs Nursing Interventions-

352
Q

Take vitamin B6-pyridoxine.

A

Antitubercular Drugs Nursing Interventions-

353
Q

When in hospital collecting sputum samples early in the morning to continually doing the acid fast bacillus test done 3 consecutive mornings- are the drugs effective or changing the cell wall

A

Antitubercular Drugs Nursing Interventions-

354
Q

educate importance to adherencing to drug regimend.

A

Antitubercular Drugs Education-

355
Q

Providing education in spoken and written language.

A

Antitubercular Drugs Education-

356
Q

Anyone else in family/household/work env needs to be tested for TB.

A

Antitubercular Drugs Education-

357
Q

Proper hygiene- disposing tissues, wash hands- sputum on them.

A

Antitubercular Drugs Education-

358
Q

Use separate dishes to elimatie cross contamination.

A

Antitubercular Drugs Education-

359
Q

Do not take antacids when taking TB drugs.

A

Antitubercular Drugs Education-

360
Q

Educate change in color in bodily fluids if taking rifampin its normal.

A

Antitubercular Drugs Education-

361
Q

What S/Sx are in peripheral neuopathy and report immedtaely.

A

Antitubercular Drugs Education-

362
Q

Can cause photosensitivity- sunscreen. Covering skin in the sun

A

Antitubercular Drugs Education-

363
Q

Fungal Infections

A

Candidiasis, mycosis, tinea

364
Q

Fungal Infections can be

A

Local or systemic

365
Q

Mild and involves integumentary system

A

Local infections

366
Q

Mucous membranes, hair, nails, and moist skin areas

A

Local infections

367
Q

Local infections Examples:

A

Oral candidiasis (thrush), vaginal candidiasis, onychomycosis(nail fungus)

368
Q

Severe

A

Systemic infections

369
Q

Affects lungs, abdomen, central nervous system

A

Systemic infections

370
Q

Systemic infections Examples:

A

fungal lung infection, fungal meningitis

371
Q

Classification of Fungal Infections

A

Opportunistic and Primary infections

372
Q

Usually occur in the immunocompromised or debilitated immune system population.

A

Opportunistic infections

373
Q

Over growth of fungus from bodies weakened immune system

A

Opportunistic infections

374
Q

Opportunistic infections Examples:

A

Candidiasis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis, pneumocystis pneumonia

375
Q

Usually occur in immunocompetent(stronger immune system)

A

Primary infections

376
Q

Acquired from inhaled spores

A

Primary infections

377
Q

Primary infections Examples:

A

Blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis

378
Q

Mycosis-

A

fungal infection

379
Q

Antifungal Drug Groups

A

Polyenes
Azoles
Antimetabolic
Echinocandins

380
Q

Polyenes

A

Amphotericin B, Nystatin (Mycostatin)

381
Q

Amphotericin B- drug of choice

A

Polyenes

382
Q

Amphotericin B Route

A

Only IV bc not well absorbed in GI tract.

383
Q

Amphotericin B reactions are common-

A

fever, chills, SOB, tachypnea.
Occurs 1-3 hours from the beginning of the infusion.

384
Q

Amphotericin B upside- pretreat to decrease the symptoms-

A

give acetaminophen, diphenhydramine, and hydrocortisone about 30-60mins before the infusion.

385
Q

Amphotericin B Uses

A

Severe, systemic fungal infections bc nephrotoxicity Is high(monitor Kidney levels. Do not give if renal function bad)

386
Q

Amphotericin B Action

A

Binds to fungal cell membranes, causing cell permeability, and leakage of cellular contents

387
Q

Amphotericin B Side effects/adverse effects

A

Flushing, fever, chills, headache, dizziness
Tachypnea, shortness of breath, hypotension, GI distress
Paresthesia, thrombophlebitis, nephrotoxicity

388
Q

Amphotericin B High doses cause

A

hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia
Infusion reactions are common

389
Q

Not well absorbed in GI tract

A

Nystatin (Mycostatin)

390
Q

Nystatin (Mycostatin)

A

Polyenes

391
Q

Nystatin (Mycostatin) route

A

Oral (liquid swish & swallow), topical (powder or cream to decrease moisture)

392
Q

Nystatin (Mycostatin) Action

A

Binds to sterols causing loss of intracellular potassium & cell contents

393
Q

Nystatin (Mycostatin) Side effects/adverse effects

A

GI distress
Hyperglycemia, tachycardia
Angioedema, bronchospasm
Stevens-Johnson syndrome

394
Q

Azoles

A

Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, & Metronidazole

395
Q

Main two examples of azoles

A

Fluconazole, Ketoconazole

396
Q

Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, & Metronidazole Route

A

Oral, IV, vaginal, topical

397
Q

Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, & Metronidazole Action

A

Increases cell permeability and leakage by interfering with ergosterol formation

398
Q

Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, & Metronidazole Side effects/effects

A

Headache, rash
GI distress
Hypokalemia, dysrhythmias, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity
Lower toxicity than Amphotericin B

399
Q

Fluconazole drug interactions

A

Warfarin increases prothrombin time when taking Fluconazole , Sulfonylureas causes increase effect (monitor BGL)

400
Q

Antifungal drugs that are well absorbed in GI tract.

A

Azoles

401
Q

Broad spectrum antibiotic for groups of fungal infections needed treated

A

Azoles

402
Q

Antimetabolites

A

Flucytosine

403
Q

Flucytosine Route

A

Oral

404
Q

Selectively penetrates the fungal cell which disrupts fungal DNA and RNA synthesis

A

Flucytosine Action

405
Q

Used in combination with other antifungals such as amphotericin

A

Flucytosine Action

406
Q

Flucytosine Side effects/adverse effects

A

Renal and hepatic impairment (causes toxicity). Avoid renal and hepatic problem pts

407
Q

In combination with Amphotericin B- treating severe fungal infection

A

Flucytosine

408
Q

Echinocandins

A

Caspofungin & micafungin

409
Q

Caspofungin & micafungin Route

A

IV-bc of lack of GI absorption

410
Q

Caspofungin & micafungin Action

A

Inhibits biosynthesis of essential components of fungal cell wall which interferes with growth and reproduction

411
Q

Caspofungin & micafungin Side effects/adverse effects

A

Injection site reaction
Elevated hepatic enzymes
Histamine-mediated reactions

412
Q

Candidiasis and aspergillus infections used

A

Caspofungin & micafungin (Echinocandins)

413
Q

Antifungals Assessment-

A

If they have oral thrush (candidiasis)- assess swallowing mechanism.
Monitor liver and kidney labs

414
Q

Antifungals Nursing Interventions-

A

Obtain culture of the fungus to appropriately treat it.
Monitor urine output.
Side effects

415
Q

Take all med as prescribes to get rid of infection.

A

Antifungals Education-

416
Q

Advise to avoid alcohol bc it is already hepatotoxic drugs.

A

Antifungals Education-

417
Q

Causes sleepiness and dizziness-avoid heavy machinery or driving until they know how their body reacts

A

Antifungals Education-

418
Q

Survival & replication

A

Viruses

419
Q

Viruses Methods of transmission

A

Droplets
Surfaces
Blood & body fluids

420
Q

Common viral infections

A

Influenza, herpes, hepatitis.

421
Q

Microorganism that are not able to live or reproduce on their own- need a host

A

Viruses

422
Q

Invade host cell and live there and uses the hosts DNA to replicate itself.

A

Viruses

423
Q

Difficult to destory the viral cell without destroying host cell

A

Viruses

424
Q

Short life time on a surface.

A

Viruses

425
Q

Highly contagious and infection viral respiratory infection

A

Influenza

426
Q

Droplets enter respiratory tract

A

Influenza

427
Q

Seasonal, more prevalent from fall to spring

A

Influenza

428
Q

Influenza Antigen types

A

A, B, C

429
Q

Influenza A

A

Can cause severe illness

430
Q

Influenza B

A

Can cause severe illness
Usually causes mild illness in children

431
Q

Influenza C

A

Usually causes mild illness

432
Q

Not related to stomach flu

A

Influenza

433
Q

Seasonal- see fall to spring

A

Influenza

434
Q

Influenza Signs and symptoms

A

High fever, headache
Fatigue, weakness, myalgia
Watery nasal discharge
Red watery eyes
Chills, sore throat, nonproductive cough
Photophobia- sensitivity to light but not as common- seen with severe headache
aches

435
Q

Influenza ___
Cold is a longer process

A

Abrupt onset

436
Q

Herpes Viruses

A

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)
Varicella-zoster viruses (HSV-3/VZV)
Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4 or EBV)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5 or CMV)

437
Q

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)

A

Causes cold sores on the mouth

438
Q

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)

A

Causes lesions on genitalia

439
Q

Varicella-zoster viruses (HSV-3/VZV)

A

Causes chickenpox and shingles

440
Q

(reactivating due to weak immune system, localized to one part of the body, if getting again going to come back in the same area. Pruritic painful rash. Causes fever malase and myalsia. tale𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 nerve pain). After initial infection the virus lays dormant in the nerves. Avoid children under age of 1.

A

shingles

440
Q

Pruritic vesicles all over body and fever.
Transmitted with vesicles and lesions, precursor to shingles

A

chickenpox

441
Q

Reactivating due to weak immune system, localized to one part of the body, if getting again going to come back in the same area. Pruritic painful rash.

A

shingles

442
Q

Causes fever malaise and myalgia. Telltale sign-nerve pain.
After initial infection the virus lays dormant in the nerves.
Avoid children under age of 1.

A

shingles

443
Q

Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4 or EBV)

A

Causes mononucleosis spread by saliva exchange.
Fever, tonsillitis, extremely enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. Not identified right away.

444
Q

Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5 or CMV) S/Sx:

A

Causes lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, retinitis, & pneumonia(becomes fatal).
Effects immunocompromised. Spread through bodily fluids

445
Q

Viral infection- transmitted with lesions or bodily fluids

A

Herpes Viruses

446
Q

Hepatitis virus

A

Serious liver infection

447
Q

Can infected either area- HSV 1 and HSV2- lesions or secretion contact

A

Herpes Viruses

448
Q

Hepatitis A

A

Spreads via oral-fecal route.

448
Q

Hepatitis B & C

A

Spread via blood and body fluids

449
Q

Hepatitis virus Signs and symptoms (common)

A

Fatigue, malaise
Nausea, abdominal pain
Jaundice (bilirubin-yellow)

449
Q

Liver impairment

A

Hepatitis virus

449
Q

Non-HIV antivirals

A

Non-HIV antivirals

450
Q

Non-HIV antivirals Action

A

Inhibits viral replication

451
Q

Non-HIV Antivirals Types

A

Influenzas A and B
Herpes viruses
Hepatitis B & C
Cytomegalovirus

452
Q

Influenza Antivirals

A

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) &
Zanamivir (Relenza)

453
Q

Main Influenza Antivirals

A

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

454
Q

Influenza Antivirals Use

A

Influenza Type A & B

455
Q

Decrease viral spread

A

Influenza Antivirals Action

455
Q

Neuraminidase inhibitors- inhibit process of viral replication.

A

Influenza Antivirals Action

456
Q

Shorten duration of signs and symptoms

A

Influenza Antivirals Action

457
Q

Must be started within 48 hrs of onset of symptoms to be effective

A

Influenza Antivirals

457
Q

Herpes Antivirals

A

Acyclovir, famciclovir & valacyclovir

457
Q

Influenza Antivirals Side effects/adverse effects

A

Dizziness, headache
Insomnia, fatigue
GI distress (huge in Tamiflu)
Delirium

458
Q

Herpes Antivirals most common

A

Acyclovir

458
Q

Herpes Antivirals Use

A

Initial and recurrent episodes of oral & genital herpes
Chicken pox & shingles

459
Q

Herpes Antivirals Side effects/adverse effects

A

N/V/D, orthostatic hypotension
HA, tremors, agitation
Lethargy, rash, itching, vein irritation
Increased bleeding time, anemia, blood dyscrasias
Crystalluria, neuropathy, seizures, nephrotoxicity(large doses)

460
Q

Herpes Antivirals Action

A

Purine nucleoside antivirals
Interfere with DNA synthesis

460
Q

Used during pregnancy to prevent outbreak during delivery
Decreases likely hood passing genital herpes infection to baby

A

Acyclovir, famciclovir & valacyclovir (Herpes antivirals)

461
Q

Cytomegalovirus Antivirals

A

Ganciclovir, valganciclovir, cidofovir, & foscarnet.

462
Q

Cytomegalovirus Antivirals Use

A

CMV retinitis in people with AIDS

462
Q

Cytomegalovirus Antivirals Action

A

Inhibits DNA polymerase to suppress viral replication

463
Q

Cytomegalovirus Antivirals Side effects/adverse effects

A

N/V/D, orthostatic hypotension
HA, tremors, agitation
Lethargy, rash, itching, vein irritation
Increased bleeding time, anemia, blood dyscrasias
Crystalluria, neuropathy, seizures, nephrotoxicity(large doses)

464
Q

Hepatitis Antivirals

A

Adefovir, Entecavir, Daclatasvir & Ribavirin

465
Q

Adefovir and Entecavir Use

A

Chronic Hep B and signs of liver disease

466
Q

Daclatasvir & Ribavirin Use

A

Tx Hep C, inhibits viral replication

467
Q

Adefovir, Entecavir, Daclatasvir & Ribavirin Use

A

Delays progression of liver disease caused by the hepatitis virus.

468
Q

Adefovir, Entecavir, Daclatasvir & Ribavirin Action

A

Inhibit viral replication

469
Q

Adefovir, Entecavir, Daclatasvir & Ribavirin- Side effects/adverse effects

A

Fatigue, flu-like symptoms, depression, alopecia
Photosensitivity, anorexia, dysgeusia, arthralgia, myalgia
Thyroid and ophthalmic dysfunction
Hepatotoxicity, renal impairment
Lactic acidosis, pancytopenia

470
Q

Prototype drug.

A

Antivirals Acyclovir Assessment-

471
Q

Baseline- renal or hepatic disease.

A

Antivirals Acyclovir Assessment-

472
Q

Liver and kidney panels.

A

Antivirals Acyclovir Assessment-

473
Q

CBC.
Monitor vital signs and labs.

A

Antivirals Acyclovir Assessment-

473
Q

Give drugs with food to minimize GI distress.

A

Antivirals Acyclovir Assessment-

474
Q

Decreased absorption with food.

A

Antivirals Acyclovir Assessment-

475
Q

If IV dilute them.

A

Antivirals Acyclovir Nursing Interventions-

475
Q

Increase fluids to promote kidney function.

A

Antivirals Acyclovir Nursing Interventions-

476
Q

Antivirals Acyclovir Education-

A

dependent on what their viral circumstance is, how to prevent it from spreading.
Report S/sx of side effects.
Orthostatic hypotension risk

476
Q

A patient has developed active tuberculosis and is prescribed isoniazid and rifampin. Which information will the nurse include in teaching the patient about taking these drugs? (Select all that apply.)

A

Isoniazid should be given 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Have periodic eye examinations as ordered by the health care provider.
Compliance with drug regimen is essential.
Report numbness, tingling, and burning of hands and feet.

476
Q

A middle-aged adult is diagnosed with tuberculosis. Which is true of treatment for this diagnosis?

A

A combination of drugs is typically used.
4 drugs- phase 1
2 drugs- phase 2

477
Q

Which teaching for the patient who is taking fluconazole is a priority for the nurse?

A

Advise that hypoglycemia may occur with concurrent oral sulfonylureas.

478
Q

When teaching a patient about isoniazid (INH) and rifampin drug therapy, which statement will the nurse include?

A

“Avoid exposure to direct sunlight.”
Take B6 to prevent neuropathy

479
Q

A patient is diagnosed with a Candida infection in the mouth. The nurse anticipates that the patient will be treated with

A

nystatin.- PO or Topical

480
Q

When caring for a patient receiving amphotericin B, it is most important for the nurse to assess the patient for the development of

A

hypokalemia. And hypomagnesemia

480
Q

Immunity Types

A

Active immunity, Passive immunity, Community immunity

481
Q

Which nursing intervention is the priority when a patient is receiving antiviral drugs?

A

Promoting hydration –renal function and elimination of drugs

482
Q

Active immunity

A

Natural Active Immunity and Acquired Active Immunity

483
Q

Natural Active Immunity

A

when antigen or pathogen enters the body.
Body produces antibodies to defend itself against antigen or pathogen

484
Q

Acquired Active Immunity

A

When someone’s is given a vaccination where there is a weakened antigen or antibody given.

485
Q

Passive immunity-

A

Natural Passive Immunity and Acquired Passive Immunity

486
Q

HERD immunity.

A

Community immunity

486
Q

Antibodies are given to someone that cannot make own antibody

A

Passive immunity

486
Q

Acquired Passive Immunity

A

person given antibodies but not immune response occurs. Immunity is short lived and not term

486
Q

Natural Passive Immunity

A

infant receiving breast milk

487
Q

Majority of a community is immunized against something.

A

Community immunity

488
Q

Immunocompromised are safe

A

Community immunity

488
Q

Probability of acquiring the diseases is low due to community being immunized.

A

Community immunity

489
Q

Small amount of an antigen.

A

Vaccination-

490
Q

Antigen stimulates immune response but not producing disease.

A

Vaccination-

491
Q

Traditional vaccines contain whole or parts of the killed microorganism
Ex. polio vaccine

A

Vaccination-

492
Q

Live, weakened virus (microorganisms).

A

Attenuated virus

493
Q

If someone is immunocompromised they should not receive.

A

Attenuated virus

494
Q

Inactivated toxins that can no longer produce disease.

A

Toxoids-

495
Q

Stimulate immune system to produce antitoxins which neutralize toxins.

A

Toxoids-

496
Q

Seen in tetanus vaccine (tetanus toxoid)

A

Toxoids-

497
Q

Protein or toxoid from unrelated organism added-helps attach to the outer coating of the disease causing organism.

A

Conjugate vaccines

498
Q

Attenuated virus Ex:

A

measles mumps and rubella (MMR)

499
Q

Required stimulation of immune response to immature immune system.

A

Conjugate vaccines

500
Q

H influenzae type B vaccine preventing pneumonia

A

Conjugate vaccines

501
Q

Genetic material of pathogen inserted into another cell or organism.

A

Recombinant subunit vaccines

502
Q

Stimulates production of a lot of antigens.

A

Recombinant subunit vaccines

503
Q

Antigens are used as a vaccine instead of whole organism Ex: Hep B

A

Recombinant subunit vaccines

504
Q

Aluminum salt added to vaccine to increase body immune response.

A

Adjuvant

504
Q

Help maintain immunity.
Can change to adapt to the virus. Ex: Flu, COVID-19

A

Booster

504
Q

Reduce amount of antigen needed to produce a response

A

Adjuvant

504
Q

Vaccination Recommendations: Advisory Committee on Immunizations (ACIP)-

A

who approves vaccination schedules

505
Q

Vaccination Recommendations Most current info –

A

www.cdc.gov/vaccines

506
Q

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) vaccine information statement (VIS)-

A

information pamphlet given to client. Inform the client

507
Q

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) vaccine information statement (VIS) informs about

A

Route of administration
Schedule for routine administration
Minimum dosing intervals
Contraindications
Standing orders for administering vaccines

508
Q

Immunization Before International Travel

A

MMR, Typhoid fever, Yellow fever, Meningococcal disease, Rabies, Hepatitis A and B, Japanese encephalitis

509
Q

MMR

A

All travelers 6 months and older

510
Q

Typhoid fever

A

India, Pakistan, Mexico, Bangladesh, Philippines, and Haiti

511
Q

Yellow fever

A

sub-Saharan Africa and tropical South America

512
Q

Educate pts if travel need to have

A

Primary Care Provider Appointment

513
Q

Vaccine Safety- Reporting diseases and adverse reactions

A

Mild reactions, Contraindications, HC providers, VAERS

514
Q

Injection site swelling, low grade fever, redness to area.

A

Mild reactions-

515
Q

Tx; with acetaminophen, warm compress, Benadryl.

A

Mild reactions-

516
Q

Do not take acetaminophen or ibuprofen before a vaccine bc it can reduce immune response.

A

Mild reactions-

517
Q

To well educate before refusing vaccine.

A

Contraindications for vaccines-

518
Q

Moderate to severe illness.

A

Contraindications for vaccines-

519
Q

Anaphylactic history response to vaccine.

A

Contraindications for vaccines-

519
Q

Vaccines contra during pregnancy.

A

Contraindications for vaccines-

520
Q

Generally save to give vaccine if they have illness and still taking antibiotics

A

Contraindications for vaccines-

521
Q

Health care providers responsible for

A

reporting vaccine preventable adverse effects

522
Q

Surveillance system that keeps tracks of adverse events that occur on vaccine.
Determined efficacy and safety of the vaccine

A

Report adverse reactions to VAERS-

523
Q

Vaccines in general are safe to protect from

A

life threatening disease

524
Q

Varicella vaccine Side effects/adverse reactions

A

Injection site reaction, fever, rash, anaphylaxis
Thrombocytopenia, encephalitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome

525
Q

Varicella vaccine Contraindications

A

Moderate to severe acute illness, anaphylaxis
Active untreated tuberculosis, pregnancy
High-dose systemic steroids, immunocompromised

526
Q

If given with other vaccines it needs to be given at a separate site.

A

Varicella vaccine Drug interactions-

527
Q

Live- MMR must be separated by 4 weeks.

A

Varicella vaccine Drug interactions-

528
Q

Contra- blood transfusion within the last 11 months.

A

Varicella vaccine Drug interactions-

529
Q

Blood products should be avoided for 2 months after vaccine bc don’t want to interfere with antigen process.

A

Varicella vaccine Drug interactions-

530
Q

Live vaccine- developed in 1995. the illness rate declined by 75%

A

Varicella vaccine

531
Q

Before that 4 million got chicken pox bc not vaccine

A

Varicella vaccine

532
Q

Prototype

A

Varicella vaccine

533
Q

An adult exposed to chickenpox 20x more likely to die than a child

A

Varicella vaccine

533
Q

Bacillus anthracis- infect skin, GI tract and lungs.

A

Anthrax-

534
Q

See skin blistering with swelling around it.

A

Anthrax-

535
Q

GI tract- N/V, diarrhea and abdominal pain.

A

Anthrax-

536
Q

Lungs- fever chest pain SOB.

A

Anthrax-

537
Q

Spread from animals to people.

A

Anthrax-

538
Q

Vaccine developed in 1970 and usually given to lab and military personal, livestock farmers and vets.

A

Anthrax-

539
Q

Can be used as biological weapon

A

Anthrax-

540
Q

Vareolia virus causes.

A

Smallpox-

540
Q

S/sx fever chill body aches malaise vomiting.

A

Smallpox-

541
Q

delclared eradicated world wide in 1977.

A

Smallpox-

542
Q

Children no longer getting vaccine.

A

Smallpox-

543
Q

Does still exist in the lab. Biological weapon

A

Smallpox-

544
Q

bordetella pertussis.

A

Pertussis(whooping cough)-

545
Q

runny nose congestion, red waterly eyes, low grade fever, uncontrllabe cough.

A

Pertussis(whooping cough)-

546
Q

Adlosenesce and adults can transmit this to infants and children which cause death in them.

A

Pertussis(whooping cough)-

547
Q

If pregnant the must be aware about other people vaccines.

A

Pertussis(whooping cough)-

548
Q

Given as childhood vaccine with boosters (TDAP)

A

Pertussis(whooping cough)-

549
Q

DTAP-(6w to 6yrsof age)

A

Pertussis(whooping cough)-

550
Q

Shingles, caused by varicella zoster virus.

A

Herpes zoster-

551
Q

After infection with check pox remains dormant.

A

Herpes zoster-

552
Q

Results in decline immunity.

A

Herpes zoster-

553
Q

Live vaccine <50yrs of age recommended.

A

Herpes zoster-

554
Q

50% effective in trials

A

Herpes zoster-

555
Q

Leading cause of severe Gasteroenteritis in children and infants.

A

Rotavirus-

556
Q

Watery dia, dehydration, vomiting.

A

Rotavirus-

557
Q

Live oral acting which contains 5 strands of rotavirus

A

Rotavirus-

558
Q

3 dose serious before 8 months of age.

A

Rotavirus-

559
Q

HPV.

A

Human papillomavirus-

560
Q

STD causes genital warts and cancer.

A

Human papillomavirus-

561
Q

2 approved vaccines given between 9 and 26 years of age.

A

Human papillomavirus-

562
Q

Most effective if given before first indication of sexual intercourse.

A

Human papillomavirus-

563
Q

Protecting against multiple strains of streptococcus pneumonia which causes pneumonia.

A

Pneumococci-

564
Q

2 forms of vaccine available.

A

Pneumococci-

565
Q

Should be given to high risk individual between 2-65yrs.

A

Pneumococci-

566
Q

Repeated every 5 years.

A

Pneumococci-

567
Q

Prevent infections that effect the brain and blood that causes death in pneumococcal infection

A

Pneumococci-

568
Q

Live threatening infection that can cause brain damage, hearing loss, amputation and loss of kidney function.

A

Bacterial meningitis-

569
Q

Lot of bacteria that causes it.

A

Bacterial meningitis-

570
Q

Several vaccines available, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
(ACIP) routine vaccination everyone ages 2-55.

A

Bacterial meningitis-

571
Q

College age must get this vaccine

A

Bacterial meningitis-

572
Q

Vaccines Nursing Interventions-

A

Must document vaccination date route site of administration, vaccine type, manufacture, lot number, expiration date, address of where the person is getting the vaccine, time, signature of giving the vaccine.
Monitor pt if first time.
Keep epinephrine for immediate use for reactions.

573
Q

Vaccines Education-

A

Provide vaccination form in preferred language.

574
Q

Newborns receive immunities via the transfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta. This is known as

A

natural, passive immunity.

575
Q

Which statement about the Herpes Zoster vaccine does the nurse identify as being true? Herpes zoster vaccine

A

is a live attenuated vaccine.

576
Q

Which is the first vaccine developed to prevent cancer?

A

Human papillomavirus

577
Q

Vaccines Assessment-

A

health and drug history, allergies, determine pregnancy history possibility within the next month so no contraindications. Immunization history so not giving too many vaccines

NSG (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions