Pharm 12.2 Flashcards
Echinacea active constituents
chicoric acid, alkamide, polysaccharides
echinacea used clinically
fress pressed juice, alcoholic root extract
echinacea effects
immuneomodulator, anti-infalmmatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant activity(weak)
echinacea uses
treat/prophylaxis of flu and cold and upper respiratory tract infections
echinacea adverse effects
oral use: unpleasant taste, GI upset, IV use: fever, shivering, headace, vomiting
Garlic (allium sativum) active constituent
organosulfer compound (allicin)
garlic on HMG CoA reductase
inhibits HMG CoA reductase interfering with cholesterol biosynthesis
garlic and platelets
anti platelet and fibrinolytic activity
garlic and atherosclerosis
anti atherosclerotic activity
garlic and channels
opens potassium channels - vasodialation
garlic and NO synthesis
garlic stimulates NO synthesis
garlic and ACE
garlic inhibits ACE
garlic and endocrine
hypoglycemic effects
garlic and microbes
antimicrobial so inhibits gm+, Gm- bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses
garlic and cancer
antineoplastic and inhibits procarcinogens
garlic adverse effects
nausea, hypotension, allergy, bad odor
garlic drug interaction
with warfarin and asprin –so due to antiplatelet effects garlic should be used cautiously otherwise tendancy to bleed; Saqunavir —garlic may reduce the bioavailability of this antiviral protease inhibitor
Ginko (ginko biloba) part used
leaves of ginko tree
ginko active constituents
flavone glycosides and terpenoids
ginko CVS effects
inc blood flow, in NO causing vasodialation, antiplatelet
ginko metabolic effects
antioxidant, free radical scaventer
ginko CNS
frequently used to treat “cerebral insufficiency” and dementia of Alzheimer type, improves concentration
ginko adverse effects
nausea, stomach upset, diarrhea, headache, alergy, anxiety, insomnia, bleeding complications
ginseng (panax ginseng, panax qunquefolium) active principle
many varieties of ginsenosides or panaxosides
ginseng source
root of the plant
ginseng pharmacological effects
immune modulation, ergogenic/energizing, nootropi/memory enhancing, hypoglycemic, anticancer activity, anti-inflammatory and anti-stress activity
ginseng adverse effects
vaginal bleeding and mastalgia (pain in breast), insomnia, nervousness, hypertension
ginseng drug interactions
psychiatric, estrogenic, or hypoglycemic medications and warfarin
Kava (piper methysticum) active principle
kavaloactones or kavapyrones
kava on CNS
mild sedation - similar to bzd but use diff receptors
kava used for
anxiety
milk thistle (silybum marianum) active principle
silymarin
milk thistle parts used
fruit and seed
milk thistle effects
free radical scavenger, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic
milk thistle uses
cirrhosis, hepatitis, hypercholesterolemia
St. John’s Wort (hypericum perforatum) active constituents
hypericin, hyperforin
st. John’s wort pharmacological effects
inhibits NE, 5HT, DA reuptake
St. John’s wort used in
depression
St. John’s wort adverse effects
photosensitization (patients should be instructed to wear sunscreen while using it), hypomania, mania, autonomic arousal
St. John’s wort drug interactions
antidepressants, CNS stimulants (risk of serotonin syndrom and hypertensive crisis), enzyme induction (leads to increased metabolism of many drugs)
Saw Palmetto (serenoa repens) active constituents
phytosterols
Saw palmetto effects
inhibits 5 alpha reductase inhibiting testosterone conversion to dihydortestosterone
saw palmetto use
BPH
DHEA (dehydroepiandrosteron) effects
antiaging, inc libido, inc sense of well being
DHEA side effects
hair loss, acne, breast cancer
Nutritional supplements
melatonin, glucosamine
Melatonin
5HT derivative preduced by pineal gland and other tissue, responsible for regulating sleep wake cycle
Melatonin uses
Jet lag, insomnia
melatonin adverse effects
drowsiness, lowers LH so not good for woment trying to conceive and nursing women
Glucosamine
found in human tissue, substrate for the production of articular cartilage and also serves as a cartilage nutrient, commercially derived from rabs and other crustaceans
glucosamine uses
primariy pain associated with knee arthritis
Coenzyme Q10
also known as CoQ, coQ10 and ubiquinione, mound in mitochondria of heart kidney, liver, skeletal muscle etc
CoQ10 after injestion
the reduced from, ubiquinol predominates
CoQ10 uses
hypertension, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, prevention of statin-induce myopathy
CoQ10 adverse effects
GI upset
CoQ10 drug interaction
may dec effects of warfarin since structurally similar
