Pharm 12.2

Question 1

Echinacea active constituents

Answer 1

chicoric acid, alkamide, polysaccharides

Question 2

echinacea used clinically

Answer 2

fress pressed juice, alcoholic root extract

Question 3

echinacea effects

Answer 3

immuneomodulator, anti-infalmmatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant activity(weak)

Question 4

echinacea uses

Answer 4

treat/prophylaxis of flu and cold and upper respiratory tract infections

Question 5

echinacea adverse effects

Answer 5

oral use: unpleasant taste, GI upset, IV use: fever, shivering, headace, vomiting

Question 6

Garlic (allium sativum) active constituent

Answer 6

organosulfer compound (allicin)

Question 7

garlic on HMG CoA reductase

Answer 7

inhibits HMG CoA reductase interfering with cholesterol biosynthesis

Question 8

garlic and platelets

Answer 8

anti platelet and fibrinolytic activity

Question 9

garlic and atherosclerosis

Answer 9

anti atherosclerotic activity

Question 10

garlic and channels

Answer 10

opens potassium channels - vasodialation

Question 11

garlic and NO synthesis

Answer 11

garlic stimulates NO synthesis

Question 12

garlic and ACE

Answer 12

garlic inhibits ACE

Question 13

garlic and endocrine

Answer 13

hypoglycemic effects

Question 14

garlic and microbes

Answer 14

antimicrobial so inhibits gm+, Gm- bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses

Question 15

garlic and cancer

Answer 15

antineoplastic and inhibits procarcinogens

Question 16

garlic adverse effects

Answer 16

nausea, hypotension, allergy, bad odor

Question 17

garlic drug interaction

Answer 17

with warfarin and asprin –so due to antiplatelet effects garlic should be used cautiously otherwise tendancy to bleed; Saqunavir —garlic may reduce the bioavailability of this antiviral protease inhibitor

Question 18

Ginko (ginko biloba) part used

Answer 18

leaves of ginko tree

Question 19

ginko active constituents

Answer 19

flavone glycosides and terpenoids

Question 20

ginko CVS effects

Answer 20

inc blood flow, in NO causing vasodialation, antiplatelet

Question 21

ginko metabolic effects

Answer 21

antioxidant, free radical scaventer

Question 22

ginko CNS

Answer 22

frequently used to treat “cerebral insufficiency” and dementia of Alzheimer type, improves concentration

Question 23

ginko adverse effects

Answer 23

nausea, stomach upset, diarrhea, headache, alergy, anxiety, insomnia, bleeding complications

Question 24

ginseng (panax ginseng, panax qunquefolium) active principle

Answer 24

many varieties of ginsenosides or panaxosides

Question 25

ginseng source

Answer 25

root of the plant

Question 26

ginseng pharmacological effects

Answer 26

immune modulation, ergogenic/energizing, nootropi/memory enhancing, hypoglycemic, anticancer activity, anti-inflammatory and anti-stress activity

Question 27

ginseng adverse effects

Answer 27

vaginal bleeding and mastalgia (pain in breast), insomnia, nervousness, hypertension

Question 28

ginseng drug interactions

Answer 28

psychiatric, estrogenic, or hypoglycemic medications and warfarin

Question 29

Kava (piper methysticum) active principle

Answer 29

kavaloactones or kavapyrones

Question 30

kava on CNS

Answer 30

mild sedation - similar to bzd but use diff receptors

Question 31

kava used for

Answer 31

anxiety

Question 32

milk thistle (silybum marianum) active principle

Answer 32

silymarin

Question 33

milk thistle parts used

Answer 33

fruit and seed

Question 34

milk thistle effects

Answer 34

free radical scavenger, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic

Question 35

milk thistle uses

Answer 35

cirrhosis, hepatitis, hypercholesterolemia

Question 36

St. John's Wort (hypericum perforatum) active constituents

Answer 36

hypericin, hyperforin

Question 37

st. John's wort pharmacological effects

Answer 37

inhibits NE, 5HT, DA reuptake

Question 38

St. John's wort used in

Answer 38

depression

Question 39

St. John's wort adverse effects

Answer 39

photosensitization (patients should be instructed to wear sunscreen while using it), hypomania, mania, autonomic arousal

Question 40

St. John's wort drug interactions

Answer 40

antidepressants, CNS stimulants (risk of serotonin syndrom and hypertensive crisis), enzyme induction (leads to increased metabolism of many drugs)

Question 41

Saw Palmetto (serenoa repens) active constituents

Answer 41

phytosterols

Question 42

Saw palmetto effects

Answer 42

inhibits 5 alpha reductase inhibiting testosterone conversion to dihydortestosterone

Question 43

saw palmetto use

Answer 43

BPH

Question 44

DHEA (dehydroepiandrosteron) effects

Answer 44

antiaging, inc libido, inc sense of well being

Question 45

DHEA side effects

Answer 45

hair loss, acne, breast cancer

Question 46

Nutritional supplements

Answer 46

melatonin, glucosamine

Question 47

Melatonin

Answer 47

5HT derivative preduced by pineal gland and other tissue, responsible for regulating sleep wake cycle

Question 48

Melatonin uses

Answer 48

Jet lag, insomnia

Question 49

melatonin adverse effects

Answer 49

drowsiness, lowers LH so not good for woment trying to conceive and nursing women

Question 50

Glucosamine

Answer 50

found in human tissue, substrate for the production of articular cartilage and also serves as a cartilage nutrient, commercially derived from rabs and other crustaceans

Question 51

glucosamine uses

Answer 51

primariy pain associated with knee arthritis

Question 52

Coenzyme Q10

Answer 52

also known as CoQ, coQ10 and ubiquinione, mound in mitochondria of heart kidney, liver, skeletal muscle etc

Question 53

CoQ10 after injestion

Answer 53

the reduced from, ubiquinol predominates

Question 54

CoQ10 uses

Answer 54

hypertension, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, prevention of statin-induce myopathy

Question 55

CoQ10 adverse effects

Answer 55

GI upset

Question 56

CoQ10 drug interaction

Answer 56

may dec effects of warfarin since structurally similar