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Pharmacology > Pharm 1 > Flashcards

Pharm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

movement and alteration of the drug inside the body. absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

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2
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

action of the drug inside the body

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3
Q

Therapeutics

A

to care for, tend to, or nurse

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4
Q

ex. Of phototherapy

A

hyperbiliureinemia in neonates and skin diseases

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5
Q

Chemotheraphy

A

treat infections, parasitic infestations, and malignancy with specific drugs that have selective toxicity for infecting organsims/malignant cells with not/minimal effects on the host cell

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6
Q

Toxicology

A

study of poisonous effect of drugs and other chemicals and also includes the study of adverse effects of drugs

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7
Q

clinical pharmacology

A

study of drugs in human

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8
Q

pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics

A

study of genetic basis for variations in drug response

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9
Q

plant

A

Plant _ Morphine, Atropine

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10
Q

animal

A

Animal _ Heparin, Insulin

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11
Q

human

A

Human _ GH, hCG

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12
Q

mineral

A

Mineral _ Iron, Al(OH)3

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13
Q

microbes

A

Microbes - Penicillin

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14
Q

synthetic

A

Synthetic _Aspirin, Acetaminophen

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15
Q

genetic engineering

A

Genetic Engineering - Insulin

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16
Q

Ditoxin and digitoxin

A

from fox clove plant. Woman had edema used plant to decrease edema and doc studied it to from digitoxin

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17
Q

generic name vs brand

A

acetaminophin vs tylenol

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18
Q

chemical name vs generic name

A

acetylsalicylic acid vs asprin

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19
Q

proprietary name

A

brand

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20
Q

Routes of administration (7)

A

oral, sublingual, parenteral (IV/IM/SC/intraarterial/intraarticular/intrathecal/intraperitoneal/intradermal), rectal, inhalation, topical (vaginal/opthalmic), transdermal

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21
Q

Sublingual

A

bypass portal system and first pass metabolism eg. Nitroglycerine

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22
Q

parenteral

A

avoids mouth and intestines

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23
Q

intraarterial

A

effect in local area

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24
Q

intravenous

A

go to the whole body, not local actin

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25
Q

intra thecal

A

injectioninto subarachnoid space in spinal cord. Used for spinal anestesia or brain conditions especially for drugs that don’t cross the blood brain barrier

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26
Q

topical

A

administere and action on the same site

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27
Q

transdermal

A

action desiered is systeing–drug is absorbed from the skin

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28
Q

oral pros

A

most common, convenient, noninvasive, self-medication possible, economical

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29
Q

oral cons

A

cannot be used for uncooperative/vomiting patiens, certain drugs are not absorbed or destroyed by the gastric juices, cannot be given in emergencies, drugs are more likely to undergo first pass metabolism

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30
Q

sublingual

A

no first pass metabolism, fast onset of action compared to oral route. Ex GTN (trinitorglycerine used for hypertension, heart failure), nifedipine (ca channel blocker)

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31
Q

parenteral-intravenous pros

A

immediate action, useful in emergencies, avoids gastric juices/first pass metabolism, can be used in unconcious patients, irritant drugs can be given

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32
Q

intravenous cons

A

painful, rusk of thrombophlebitis, expertise required, aseptic condition needs to be maintained, costly, attains high concentration in plasma and tissues and can cause toxicity

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33
Q

intramuscular

A

mild irritant drugs can be given, absorption is quick, volume injected is max 10ml, no first pass metabolism

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34
Q

subcutaneous

A

absorption is slow and constan, produce sustaned effect, mas 2 ml can be injected, self administration possible (insulin) pellet implantation (drug released over weeks–testosterone), silastic implants (drug released over months–contraception)

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35
Q

intradermal

A

bcg vaccination, drug sensitivity testing

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36
Q

intraarticular

A

steroids in rheumatoid arthritis

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37
Q

intrathecal

A

used where durgs (lipid insoluble/highly polar) do not corss blood brain barrier but require action in brain or spinal space, strict aseptic precautions should be taken, eg. Amphotericin B in cryptococcal meningitis (poor penetration of BBB), spinal anesthesia, opiod analgesics (fentanyl)

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38
Q

rectal

A

relatively little first pass metabolism, used in patients with vomiting or where drugs induces vomiting, larger amount and drugs with unpleasant taste can be administered, ex. Diazepam, acetaminophen, asprin (not given to children w/ fever bc they can develop reyes)

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39
Q

topical

A

application of drugs to skin or to the mucus membrane like eye, ear, mouth, airway, rectum and vagina for local actions only, usually no systemic adverse effects

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40
Q

transdermal delivery system

A

administration of drugs to skin for systemic effects, provides uniform plasma concentration, less inter-indificual variations, no first pass metabolism, convenient–better compliance, eg estradiol, gtn, scopolamine

41
Q

inhalation

A

delivery of drug to respiratory tract, alveolar epithelium offers good surface area for lipid soluble drugs, (fastes) very rapid onset of action due to large surface area and more vascualrity, drugs administered in gases or aerosol form, fapid action, no/less systemic toxicity, dose required is less, eg. inhalational anesthetics (nitrous oxide, ether, halothane), albuterol, steroids-beclomethasone in asthma

42
Q

inhalation cons

A

training for use (difficult for children and geriatrics), expensive, cannot be given to unconsious patients

43
Q

dose

A

amout/quantity ex 5mg (strength of drug)

44
Q

dosage form

A

the physical form in shich drug is taken ex. Tablet

45
Q

dosage form examples

A

solid, liquid, gaseous, semi-solid

46
Q

Absorption

A

passage of drugs from the site of administration to the system circulation/plasma (not seen w/ IV)

47
Q

process of obsorption

A

simple/passive diffusion, carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion, active transport, filtration, pinocytosis

48
Q

simple/passive diffusion

A

majority of drugs, high conc. To low conc., no energy, not satruable, not inhibited, lipid soluble drugs pass through lipid bilayer by this process, driving force is concentration gradient

49
Q

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

move along conc. Gradient but need carrier, no energy, highly selective, competitive, and sturable, ex. Vit B12, glucose

50
Q

active transport

A

against concentration gradient, req both carrier and energy, selective, competitive, and saturable, ex. Iron, levodopa

51
Q

filtration

A

passage of some water soluble substanses through aqueous channels in the tight junctions btw adjacent epithelial cells, minor role in drug absorption

52
Q

pinocytosis

A

ability of cells to enguf small droplets, important in unicellular organisms like ameba, not in multicellular organsims

53
Q

c max

A

maximal drug level obtained with the does

54
Q

t max

A

time at chich c max occurs

55
Q

lag time

A

time from administration to appearance in the blood

56
Q

onset of activity

A

time from administration to blood level reaching minimal effective concentration

57
Q

duration of action

A

time plasma concentration remains grater that minimum effective concentration (MEC)

58
Q

time to peak

A

time from administration to c max

59
Q

bioavailability

A

the proportion of the dose administered that is available at the systemic circulation, rate and extent of drugs reaching the systemic circulation in unchanged form (F)

60
Q

IV route bioavailability

A

100%, F = 1

61
Q

Bioavailability formula

A

F oral = auc oral / auc iv; change oral to whatever form of administration you want

62
Q

chemically equivalent

A

satisfy the chemical and physical standards in parmacopeia; dos not necessary mean biologically equivalent and therapeutically equivalent, differnet brands have different responses

63
Q

bioavailability - drug related - physical properties of the drug

A

physical state (liquids better than solids), lipid or water solubility (lipophillic drugs absorbed faster than hydrophillic drugs)

64
Q

bioavailability - drug related - nature of the dosage form

A

particle size, disintegration time and dissolution rate, formulation

65
Q

particle size

A

small are better absorbed bc inc surface area, inc abs, inc BA

66
Q

disintegration time

A

rate of breakup of tablets into particles, higher means lower abs and BA

67
Q

dissolution rate

A

rate at which drug goes into solution, higher means inc abs and inc BA

68
Q

formulation

A

binding agent/excipient_.incompatible formulation can slow abs and BA ex. Tetracylines w/ ca of mg as excipients slow abs and BA

69
Q

bioavailability - patient related - physicological factors

A

pH and ionization constant, gastric emptying, surface area and its vascularity, presence of food, first pass metabolism/pre-systemic elimination

70
Q

pH and ionization constant

A

non ionized (lipophillic) efficiently cross membranes

71
Q

acidic drugs are better absorbed in the

A

stomach

72
Q

henderson hasselbalch for acid

A

ph - pka = log ionized/nonionized

73
Q

henderson hasselbalch for base

A

ph - pka = log nonionized/ionized

74
Q

basic drugs are better absorbed in the

A

intestine

75
Q

pka

A

drug in and eqm of ionized and non ionized (50/50)

76
Q

ph > pka

A

good basic abs, more acid ionization (i.e. ph - pka = positive numbers)

77
Q

ph < pka

A

good acidic abs, more basic ionization (i.e. ph - pka = negative numbers)

78
Q

ionized drug - renal clearance, reabsorbtion

A

more renal clearance, less reabsorbtion

79
Q

non ionized drug vs renal clearance

A

inverse relationship

80
Q

gastric emptying time

A

lower means more abs more BA (exception - diarrhea)

81
Q

gastric emptying time accelerated by

A

metoclopramide

82
Q

gastric emptying time prolonged by

A

fatty meal, acid drinks, drugs w/ antimotility effects

83
Q

surface area and its vascularity

A

increase means inc abs, inc BA ex. More abs in intestine vs stomach due to inc SA, inc blood flow

84
Q

presence of food

A

can facilitate or hamper abs

85
Q

milk w/ tetracyline

A

dec abs

86
Q

food w/ ampicillin

A

dec abs

87
Q

fatty diets w/ griseofulvin

A

inc abs

88
Q

first pass metabolism

A

inc means dec BA

89
Q

Distribution

A

process by which drug reversibly leaves the blood stream and enters the interstitium represented by Vd

90
Q

Vd

A

apparent volume of distribution required to accommodate all the drug if the concentration of the drug throughout the body were the same as that in the plasma

91
Q

if plasma concentration is less

A

more drug is distributed to the tissues

92
Q

Vd formula

A

Vd = D / C

93
Q

Vd of Chloroquine

A

15000L, well distributed throught body

94
Q

Vd of Warfarin

A

8L, mostly remains in blood

95
Q

Vd of 4 L

A

restricted to vascular compartment

96
Q

Vd fo 14 L

A

distrbuted in extracellular fluid but not into cells

97
Q

Vd of 42

A

pass most biological barriers distributed in intra and extra cellular fluid

98
Q

Vd > 42

A

drugs are extensively stored within specific cells or tissues

99
Q

Vd vs Plasma concentration

A

inverse relationship

Pharmacology (15 decks)

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