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Major Subjects Reviewer > Pharamacology Reviewer .2 > Flashcards

Pharamacology Reviewer .2 Flashcards

1
Q
  • effects of the body on the drug
  • how the body handle the drug
  • movement of drug within the body
A

Pharmacokinetics

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2
Q

What are the processes or components of Pharmacokinetics?

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism or Biotransformation
  4. Excretion
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3
Q
  • it is the process by which drug passess from its site of administration into the bloodstream (Pk factors in Drug therapy)
A

Absorption

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4
Q
  • it requires a concentration gradient across the membrane
  • occurs mostly by diffusion
  • the drug does not require energy to move across the membrane
A

Passive diffusion

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5
Q
  • it requires a carrier system
  • works against a concentration agent
  • requires the use of ATP
A

Active diffusion

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6
Q
  • it is a process by which cells carry a drug across their membrane by engulfing the drug particles
A

Pinocytosis

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7
Q

Factors that affect Drug Absorption

A
  1. Physiochemical Properties
  2. Physiologic Variable
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8
Q

Taken by mouth

A

Orally

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9
Q

Given by injection into a vein

A

Intravenously, IV

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10
Q

into a muscle

A

Intramascularly, IM

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11
Q

into the space around the spinal cord

A

Intrathecally

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12
Q

beneath the skin

A

Subcutaneously, SC

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13
Q

Placed under the tongue

A

Sublingually

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14
Q

Between the gums and cheeks

A

Bucally

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15
Q

Inserted in the rectum

A

Rectally

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16
Q

Inserted in the vagina

A

Vaginally

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17
Q

Placed in the eye

A

by the ocular route

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18
Q

Place in the ear

A

by the otic route

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19
Q

Sprayed into the nose and absorbed through the nasal membranes

A

Nasally

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20
Q

Breathed into the lungs, usually through the mouth

A

Inhalation

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21
Q

Breathed into the lungs, usually through the mouth and nose

A

Nebulization

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22
Q

Applied to the skin

A

Cutaneous

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23
Q

Applied to the skin for a local

A

Topical

24
Q

Applied to the skin or bodywide effect

A

Systemic

25
Q

Delivered through the skin by a patch for a systemic effect

A

Transdermally

26
Q
  • fraction of the dose which reaches the systemic circulation as intact drug
  • rate and extent to which the therapeutic component of the drug reaches the systemic circulation
A

Bioavailability

27
Q
  • a phenomenon in which a drug gets metabolized at a specific location in the body that results in a reduced concentration of the active drug upon reaching its site of action or the systemic circulation
A

First-Pass Metabolism/Effect

28
Q

Major site of drug metabolism

A

Liver

29
Q

Factors that Alter Bioavailability

A
  1. Drug form
  2. Route of administration
  3. GI mucosa and motility
  4. Food and other drugs, and
  5. changes in liver metabolism caused by liver dysfunction or inadequate hepatic blood flow
30
Q
  • it is the tranport of a drug form its site of absorption to its site of action (Pk factors in Drug therapy)
A

Distribution

31
Q
  • medication that connect with plasma proteins (albumin) in vascular systems
  • strong attachments have a longer period of drug action
A

Plasma-protein binding

32
Q
  • client with edema has enlarged area in which a drug can be distributed, and ma need an increase dose
  • smaller does may be needed for a client with dehydration
A

Volume distribution

33
Q
  • prevent some medication from entering certain body organs
A

Barriers to drug distribution

34
Q

2 Types of barriers that prevent medications from entering certain body organs

A
  1. Blood brain barrier - to pass through this barrier, drug must be lipid soluble and loosely attached to plasma protein
  2. Placental Barrier - shields from the possiblity of adverse drug effects
35
Q
  • body weight plays a role in drug distribution because blood flows through fat slowly, thus increasing tme before drug is released
A

Obesity

36
Q
  • a receptor is an area on a cell where drug attaches and response take place
A

Receptor Combination

37
Q
  • a sequence of chemical events that change a drug to a less active form after it enters the body
  • also called detoxification (Pk factors in Drug therapy)
A

Metabolism or Biotransformation

38
Q
  • time it takes for a drug concentration to be eliminated
A

Half-life (t12)

39
Q
  • renal excretion. Carried out by glomerular filtration and tabular secretion which increases, which increase quality of drug excreted (Pk factors in Drug therapy)
A

Excretion / Elimination

40
Q

Assessment for Drug Administration

A
  1. Determine food or drug allergies
  2. Obtain a drug history
  3. Obtain a medical history
  4. Perform a physical examination
41
Q
  • the primary effects intended, that is the reason the drug is prescribed. It is also called desired effect (EFFECTS OF THE DRUG)
A

Therapeutic effect

42
Q
  • the effect of the drug that is unintended. Also called secondary effect (EFFECTS OF THE DRUG)
A

Side effect

43
Q
  • the immunologic reaction to the drug (EFFECTS OF THE DRUG)
A

Drug allergy

44
Q
  • a severe allergic reaction which usually occurs immediately following administration of the drug (EFFECTS OF THE DRUG)
A

Anaphylactic reaction

45
Q
  • a decreased physiologic response to the repeated administration of a drug chemically related substance (EFFECTS OF THE DRUG)
A

Drug tolerance

46
Q
  • it is the increasing response to the repeated doses of a drug that occurs when the rate of administration exceeds the rate of metabolism or excretion (EFFECTS OF THE DRUG)
A

Cumulative effect

47
Q
  • it is unexpected peculiar response to the drug, either response under response, different response than expected unpredicted or unexplained responses (EFFECTS OF THE DRUG)
A

Idiosyncratic effect

48
Q
  • inappropriate intake of substance, either continually or periodically (EFFECTS OF THE DRUG)
A

Drug abuse

49
Q
  • it is a person’s reliance to take a drug or substance (EFFECTS OF THE DRUG)
A

Drug dependence

50
Q
  • it is due to biochemical changes in body tissues, especially nervous system. Also called physical dependence (EFFECTS OF THE DRUG)
A

Addiction

51
Q
  • the combined effect of two drugs produces a result that equals the sum of the individual effects of each agent (EFFECTS OF THE DRUG)
A

Summation

52
Q
  • the combined effect of the drug is greater than the sum of each individual agent acting independently (EFFECTS OF THE DRUG)
A

Synergism

53
Q
  • refers to administration of one or more doses at the onset of therapy to quickly reach the therapeutic blood level and hasten a therapeutic effect (EFFECTS OF THE DRUG)
A

Loading dose

54
Q
  • refer to drug level that provide adequate action but minimal adverse effect (EFFECTS OF THE DRUG)
A

Therapeutic drug levels

55
Q
  • the concurrent administration of two drugs in which one drug increased the effect of the other drug (EFFECTS OF THE DRUG)
A

Potentiation

56
Q

Types of Adverse Reactions

A
  1. Dose-related factors
    - reactions to the drug’s primary or secondary effects
  2. Sensitivity related
    - reaction due to hypersensitivity or allergy
  3. Iatrogenic
    - adverse effects is caused by a medical treatment
  4. Toxicity
    - reaction when drug level exceed therapeutic range
  5. Idiosyncrasy
    - reaction that is unexpected or peculiar
  6. Miscellaneous
    - include blood dyscrasias, nephrotoxicity, hepatic toxicitiy, carcninogenicitiy, tetratogenicity, photosensitivit and disease-related effects.
57
Q

Factos that determine proper dosing schedules

A

a. Route of administration
b. Onset of action
c. Peak concentration level
d. Duration of action
e. Bioavailability

Major Subjects Reviewer (5 decks)

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