PHAK CH 3 (Aircraft Construction)

Question 1

Airworthiness Standards

Answer 1

Flight standards that adhere to Title 14 of the Code Federal Regulations published by the FAA, these are developed to ensure that aviation products were designed with no unsafe features.

Question 2

What types of aircraft do not have airworthiness standards?

Answer 2

Specialty aircraft such as gliders and powered lift craft.

Question 3

Type Certificate

Answer 3

Issued by the FAA when they are satisfied that the aircraft or product (prop, engine, etc…) complies with the applicable airworthiness standards.

Question 4

Airworthiness Certificate

Answer 4

WHITE

When an aircraft or product goes through production it is finished and inspected. It is then issued an airworthiness certificate for the specific aircraft, this ensures the aircraft is safe for flight. Must be in the plane during all flight operations.

This remains current as long as the required maintenance and inspections are kept up to date for the aircraft

Question 5

Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS)

Answer 5

Is created to specifies the important design and operational characteristics of the aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller. Specific to the TYPE of PLANE, VERY DETAILED

Available online via the FAA Website

Question 6

“Special” Airworthiness Standards

Answer 6

PINK

These are issued to primary, restricted and limited category aircraft.
*Can be used as provisional airworthiness certificates, special flight permits (ferry permits), and for experimental aircraft

Question 7

What are the four forces that act on an aircraft in unaccelerated level flight?

Answer 7

Thrust, Lift, Weight and Drag

Lift equals Weight and Thrust equals Drag

Question 8

What is thrust?

Answer 8

Thrust is the forward force produced by the power plant/ propeller. Opposes/overcomes the force of drag.

Question 9

What is thrust?

Answer 9

Thrust is the forward force produced by the power plant/ propeller. Opposes/overcomes the force of drag.

Question 10

What is Drag?

Answer 10

Drag is the retarding/rearward force that is caused by disruptions of airflow around the wing, fuselage, and other protruding objects.

Question 11

What is weight?

Answer 11

Weight is the combined load of the aircraft itself, the crew, the fuel and the cargo or baggage. It pulls the aircraft down because of the vertical downward force of gravity; through the aircraft’s center of gravity (CG).

Question 12

What is Lift?

Answer 12

Lift opposes the downward force of weight it is produced by the dynamic effect of the air acting on the wing and acts perpendicular to the flight path through the wing’s center of lift (CL).

Question 13

What three axis’ does the aircraft move in?

Answer 13

Longitudinal: Rolling
Lateral: Pitching
Vertical: Yawing

Question 14

What is the CG?

Answer 14

The center of gravity is the point at which the plane would remain level and balance if suspended. The Position of the CG of an aircraft determines the stability of the aircraft in flight

As the CG moves farther AFT (Towards the Tail) the aircraft becomes more and more dynamically unstable

Question 15

Main Parts of Airplane’s Structure

Answer 15

Fuselage, wings, empennage, landing gear, and power plant (engine)

Question 16

Fuselage

Answer 16

The main part of the aircraft meant to accommodate the crew, passengers, and cargo. Uses a semimonocoque structure.

Question 17

Wings

Answer 17

Wings are airfoils (interchangeable term) attached to each side of the fuselage and are the main lifting surfaces that support the airplane in flight.

Question 18

Effects of CG placement Inflight

Answer 18

CG too far aft: tail heavy condition, poor stall recovery
CG too far forward: nose heavy condition difficult to flair for landing

Question 19

Principle Structural Parts of the Wing

Answer 19

Spars, Ribs, and Stringers, reinforced by trusses and the skin. STRONG BUT LIGHT

Question 20

Empanage

Answer 20

Includes the entire tail group and consists of fixed surfaces, such as the vertical stabilizer, and the horizontal stabilizer.

Question 21

Elevator and Rudder

Answer 21

The Rudder is attached to the back of the vertical stabilizer, used to Yaw the plane to the left and the right.

The Elevator is attached to the back of the horizontal stabilizer, used to pitch the nose of the plane up and down.

Question 22

Trim Tabs

Answer 22

They are small moveable portions of the trailing edge of the control surfaces, small tab on the elevator and the rudder, (can be applied to the ailerons) Reduces the need for control pressures to maintain desired levels of flight.

Question 23

Stabilator and AntiServo Tabs

Answer 23

A pivoting stabilizer/horizontal piece that moves the entires piece based off of control wheel movements. these have anti-servo tabs that move opposite the stabilizer’s movement, and are located on the entire length of the stabilator’s trailing edge.

AntiServo Tabs: Functions as a trim tab to relieve control pressures and helps maintain the stabilator in the desired position.

Question 24

Conventional Landing Gear

Answer 24

A landing gear with a rear mounted wheel also known as a tail wheel.

Question 25

Tricycle Landing Gear

Answer 25

**Cessna 172S** When the third wheel is placed on the nose of the plane it is called a tricycle landing gear and is known as a nose wheel airplane.

Question 26

The Powerplant

Answer 26

The powerplant includes both the propeller and the engine. ***the primary function of the engine is to provide the power for the propeller*** The Engine generates electrical power, provides a vacuum source for some flight instruments, and in most single-engine airplanes, provides a source of heat for the pilot and passengers.

Question 27

Cowling

Answer 27

The cowling is a covered housing for the engine it streamlines the flow of air around the engine and to help cool the engine by ducting air around the cylinders.

Question 28

The Propeller

Answer 28

The propeller is a rotating airfoil. ***produces thrust through a high pressured area created at the back of the propeller’s airfoil and a low pressure area is produced at the face of the propeller. The pressure differential develops thrust from the propeller and pulls the airplane through the air***

Question 29

The Amount of Lift Generated by the Propeller Depends on?

Answer 29

The amount of lift being produced by the propeller is directly related to the AOA, which is the angle at which the relative wind meets the blade.

Question 30

Airplane Subcomponents

Answer 30

Include the Airframe, Electrical System, Flight Controls, and Brakes

Question 31

The Airframe

Answer 31

Is the basic structure of an aircraft and is designed to withstand all the aerodynamic forces, as well as the stresses imposed by the weight of the fuel, crew, and payload.

Question 32

The Electrical System

Answer 32

The primary function of the electrical system is yo generate, regulate, and distribute electrical power throughout the aircraft. ***this system is used to operate the flight instrument, essential systems, such as anti-icing, and passenger services, such as cabin lighting.***

Question 33

Power Sources that Power the Aircraft’s Electrical System

Answer 33

These Power Sources Include: engine-driven alternative control unit (AC), generators, auxiliary power units (APUs), and external power.

Question 34

Flight Controls

Answer 34

Flight controls are the devices and systems that given the attitude of an aircraft and, as a result, the flight path followed by the aircraft. These surfaces are operated by the pilot or automatic pilot.

Question 35

Brakes

Answer 35

Airplane Brakes consist of multiple pads (caliper pads) that are hydraulically squeezed toward each other with a rotating disk (allied a rotor) between them. ***Life is measured in the terms of Landings rather than miles***

Question 36

Semimonocoque

Answer 36

***Cessna 172S*** Is a form of aircraft structure: it uses a form of substructure to which the aircraft’s skin is attached. ***Consist of Bulkheads, Formers and Stringers all layered over with the aircraft’s skin***

Question 37

Firewall

Answer 37

There is a fire proof partition between the rear of the engine and the flight deck or cabin to protect the pilot and passengers from engine fires. Usually made of heat resistant materials such as stainless steel.

Question 38

Composite Construction

Answer 38

Broad term and can mean the use of materials like fiber glass, carbon fiber cloth, Kevlar cloth, and mixtures of all of the above. ***TWO ADVANTAGES: extremely smooth skins and the ability to easily form complex curved or streamlined structures.

Question 39

Aircraft’s Skin

Answer 39

Aluminum skin

Question 40

Electric Flight Display (EFD)

Answer 40

With the invention of the Electronic Flight Display conventional instruments have been replaced by multiple liquid crystal display (LCD). The first screen is installed in front of the pilot’s position and is referred to as the primary flight display (PFD). The second screen is positioned in the center of the instrument panel *or the other side* is referred as the multi-function display (MFD).

Question 41

Types of Flight Instruments

Answer 41

Three Types: Performance Control Navigation

Question 42

Performance Instruments

Answer 42

Altimeter, Airspeed Indicator, Vertical Speed Indicator, Heading Indicator, and Turn-Slip-Indicator.

Question 43

Control Instruments

Answer 43

Display immediate attitude and power changes and are calibrated to permit adjustments in precise instruments. This is the attitude indicator.

Question 44

Navigation Instruments

Answer 44

Indicate the position of the aircraft in relation to a selected navigation facility or fix. GPS Displays, VOR, ILS (Instrument Landing System)

Question 45

GPS

Answer 45

Is a satellite-based navigation system composed of a network of satellites placed into orbit by the United States Department of Defense (DOD). Must have a certain amount of satellites for certain images. Example: Satellites 1-2-3 = Dimensions 2 (Lat and Log) Satellites 1-2-3-4 = Dimensions 3 (Lat, Log, and Alt)