Phagocytosis Flashcards
what are the main roles of phagocytosis?
→to protect the body from pathogens
→ to dispose of damaged/dying (apoptotic) cells
→ to process and present antigens (Ag) This processing/presenting of antigens activates the adaptive immune system.
→links the innate and adaptive immune system
.• Destruction of the pathogen via respiratory burst
• Activation of genes leading to cytokine and chemokine release
what are types of phagocytes and what is their origin?
→neutrophils
→macrophages (M)
→dendritic cells
origin: myeloid lineage; generated in bone marrow function : identify, ingest and destroy pathogens have receptors for opsonins
other cells (apart from phagocytes)
→mast cells → eosinophils → basophils (myeloid lineage) →natural killer (NK) cells →(lymphoid lineage; bone marrow)
what are properties of neutrophils?
→(polymorphonuclear (PMN)
→leukocytes most abundant WBCs (circulating in blood) →early response (inflammation)
→ phagocytosis and killing of microbes enzymes: lysozyme, collagenase, elastase
• Perform NETosis- produce NETs that stops bacteria from colonising a tissue
what is the lifespan of neutrophils?
→8-10 hours in blood
→4-5 days in tissues
what are properties of macrophages? (include lifespan)
→monocytes (blood 20-40hrs)
→efficient phagocytosis
→killing of microbes
→secrete inflammatory factors (cytokines) => inflammation
where are dendritic cells found and what is their function?
→skin
→ mucosa
→ tissues
→capture microbes
→phagocytosis
→not just to eliminate present Ag to T cells
→link innate and adaptive immune response
how do dendritic cells signal for T cell activation?
Signal 1
→ antigen recognition by MHC:peptide (Major histocompatibility complex) onto TCR
Signal 2
→co-stimulation by CD80/CD86 (cluster of differentiation - protein on Dcells activated by B cells)
→onto CD28 (proteins on T cells that provide co-stimulatory signals for T cell activation/survival)
Signal 3
→ cytokines released by macrophages
what are the steps for phagocytosis?
→Chemotaxis (mobilisation to site of infection/injury) →Recognition and attachment to microbe/dead cells →Engulfment
→Killing/digestion of ingested microbe/dead cells
what is chemotaxis?
→ movement of cells towards site of infection
→guided by chemoattractant
what are chemoattractants released by?
→bacteria - N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine peptides (fMLP)
→inflammatory cells chemokines (IL-8)
→ damaged tissues
what are the requirements of recognition of pathogens in phagocytosis?
→Requirements
→react to invading pathogens (foreign)
→no reaction to body’s own tissues (self)
definition of PAMPs?
→PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns) = structures shared by groups of related microbes
what are PAMPs?
→present on pathogens and not on host cells
→invariant structures: shared by an entire class of pathogens
→essential for survival of pathogens
→prevents pathogen evasion of immune responses
→e.g. ds viral RNA=> replication
→e.g. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) => bacterial membrane
what are Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?
→present on phagocytes (and other cells, e.g. epithelia) →recognize PAMPs
→detect foreign invaders or aged/damaged host cells