Phagocytosis Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main roles of phagocytosis?

A

→to protect the body from pathogens

→ to dispose of damaged/dying (apoptotic) cells

→ to process and present antigens (Ag) This processing/presenting of antigens activates the adaptive immune system.

→links the innate and adaptive immune system
.• Destruction of the pathogen via respiratory burst

• Activation of genes leading to cytokine and chemokine release

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2
Q

what are types of phagocytes and what is their origin?

A

→neutrophils
→macrophages (M)
→dendritic cells

origin: myeloid lineage; generated in bone marrow
function : identify, ingest and destroy pathogens have receptors for opsonins
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3
Q

other cells (apart from phagocytes)

A
→mast cells
→ eosinophils
→ basophils (myeloid lineage)
→natural killer (NK) cells
→(lymphoid lineage; bone marrow)
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4
Q

what are properties of neutrophils?

A

→(polymorphonuclear (PMN)
→leukocytes most abundant WBCs (circulating in blood) →early response (inflammation)
→ phagocytosis and killing of microbes enzymes: lysozyme, collagenase, elastase

• Perform NETosis- produce NETs that stops bacteria from colonising a tissue

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5
Q

what is the lifespan of neutrophils?

A

→8-10 hours in blood

→4-5 days in tissues

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6
Q

what are properties of macrophages? (include lifespan)

A

→monocytes (blood 20-40hrs)
→efficient phagocytosis
→killing of microbes
→secrete inflammatory factors (cytokines) => inflammation

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7
Q

where are dendritic cells found and what is their function?

A

→skin
→ mucosa
→ tissues
→capture microbes
→phagocytosis
→not just to eliminate present Ag to T cells
→link innate and adaptive immune response

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8
Q

how do dendritic cells signal for T cell activation?

A

Signal 1
→ antigen recognition by MHC:peptide (Major histocompatibility complex) onto TCR

Signal 2
→co-stimulation by CD80/CD86 (cluster of differentiation - protein on Dcells activated by B cells)
→onto CD28 (proteins on T cells that provide co-stimulatory signals for T cell activation/survival)

Signal 3
→ cytokines released by macrophages

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9
Q

what are the steps for phagocytosis?

A

→Chemotaxis (mobilisation to site of infection/injury) →Recognition and attachment to microbe/dead cells →Engulfment
→Killing/digestion of ingested microbe/dead cells

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10
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

→ movement of cells towards site of infection

→guided by chemoattractant

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11
Q

what are chemoattractants released by?

A

→bacteria - N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine peptides (fMLP)
→inflammatory cells chemokines (IL-8)
→ damaged tissues

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12
Q

what are the requirements of recognition of pathogens in phagocytosis?

A

→Requirements
→react to invading pathogens (foreign)
→no reaction to body’s own tissues (self)

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13
Q

definition of PAMPs?

A

→PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns) = structures shared by groups of related microbes

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14
Q

what are PAMPs?

A

→present on pathogens and not on host cells
→invariant structures: shared by an entire class of pathogens
→essential for survival of pathogens
→prevents pathogen evasion of immune responses
→e.g. ds viral RNA=> replication
→e.g. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) => bacterial membrane

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15
Q

what are Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

A

→present on phagocytes (and other cells, e.g. epithelia) →recognize PAMPs
→detect foreign invaders or aged/damaged host cells

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16
Q

where are toll like receptors found?

A

→ plasma membrane

→endosomal membrane

17
Q

C-type lectin receptors (CTLRs)

A

PRR e.g. mannose receptor

18
Q

NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

A

PRR reside as free proteins in cytoplasm

19
Q

RIG-like helicase receptors (RLRs)

A

PRR cytosolic receptors for viral dsRNA

20
Q

Scavenger receptors

A

PRR various bacterial wall components (CD14 scavenges LPS-LBP)

21
Q

what do Toll-like receptors (TLRs) do?

A

→ essential roles in innate immunity
→ conserved during evolution
→ human TLRs recognize PAMPs
→ stimulate production of inflammatory cytokines

22
Q

what PAMPs are recognized by TLRs?

A
→ lipolysaccharide (gram negative)
→ lipoteichoic acid (gram positive)
→ bacterial DNA sequences (unmethylated CpG)
→ single/double-stranded viral RNA
→ glucans (fungi)
23
Q

what is the role of opsonization?

A
facilitates phagocytosis (recognition of microbes)
→ Opsonized microbes can be phagocytosed easier (via receptors for opsonins on phagocytes)

→ Clinical note! => Encapsulated microorganisms require opsonization with antibodies to be effectively phagocytosed because the capsule deflects phagocytes

24
Q

how is opsonization done?

A

→coating of microbes with opsonins (such as proteins of the complement system, C3b, C4b, and antibodies, immunoglobulin).

25
Q

how is a phagosome formed and matured?

A

Microbe makes contact with the membrane
→actin cytoskeleton rearrangement
→membrane remodelling occurs to form pseudopods
→which wrap membrane around microbe = forming phagosome
→Lysosomes fuse forming phagolysosome
→Pathogen destruction

26
Q

what are the lysosomes involved in oxygen dependent killing of pathogens?

A

→proteolytic enzymes (cathepsins): degrade microbes
→lysozyme: breaks bacterial walls
→lactoferrin: binds iron => not enough left for bacteria
→defensins: destroy bacterial walls

27
Q

describe the oxygen-dependent killing of pathogens?

A

→resting phagocyte = NADPH + oxidase are not bound →activated phagocyte = assembly of NADPH oxidase generation of superoxide anion

28
Q

what are the oxygen-dependent killing equations?

A

O2 → O2 (superoxide)
(OXIDASE)

H2O + O2- → H2O2;OH (hydrogen peroxide; hydroxyl radicals)
Through DISMUTASE

arginine + O2 → NO + citrulline
iNOS (inducible NO synthase)

NO + H2O2 → peroxynitrite radicals oxidising radicals (ROS and NOS) kill phagocytosed microbes

29
Q

blocking phagocyte attachment

A

→Streptococcus pneumoniae – encapsulated bacteria

30
Q

blocking engulfment

A

Yersinia

31
Q

blocking destruction

A

Salmonella – resistant to ROS(reactive oxygen species)

Mycobacterium – blocks phagosome-lysosome fusion

32
Q

killing of phagocytes

A

Staphylococcus aureus – toxin => damages membranes

33
Q

what are other types of prey that phagocytes go after?

A

→Micro-organisms
→Damaged or dying cells
→normal turnover of cells = 100-200 billion cells/day apoptosis (programmed cell death)
fast, efficient removal by phagocytes
‘silent removal’: no inflammation
phagocytes: discriminate apoptotic vs. viable cells

34
Q

how does phagocytosis of apoptotic cells occur?

A

at-me signals apoptotic
→cell attraction as phosphatidylserine is expressed on apoptotic cell
→cell binds to phagocytic receptor
→Rac bound to GDP → Rac bound to GTP
→which then generates myosin-II and force generation for wrapping by pseudopods

→Repulsion on viable cell

35
Q

how does discrimination of apoptotic / viable cells happen?

A

Apoptotic cells ‘Eat-me’ signals
→Recognized by phagocytes => promote engulfment

→Viable cells ‘Don’t eat-me’ signals
→ Recognized by phagocytes => no engulfment

36
Q

what happens after phagocytes have taken up apoptotic cells?

A
→ secrete‘pro-healing’ cytokines
→ reduce inflammation (e.g. IL-10)
→ promote wound healing (e.g. TGB-β)
→ presentation of self antigens
→ role in maintenance of self tolerance
37
Q

How can efferocytocytes reduce inflammation?

A

Blocking TLR signalling
Blocking proinflammatory cytokine signalling (IFN-α)
Blocking (TNF-α expression)
Promote (IL-10 secretion)