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Year One: Pesky Things > introduction to structure and function of blood > Flashcards

introduction to structure and function of blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

→ plasma (fluid)

→cells (such as red cells, white cells and platelets).

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2
Q

what are properties of red blood cells?

A

→ known as erythrocytes
→biconcave discs
→they have no nucleus and do not contain DNA, RNA or mitochondria

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3
Q

what are properties of white blood cells?

A

→ known as leukocytes
→colorless
→the two most common types of leukocytes are neutrophils and lymphocytes

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4
Q

Describe the structure of neutrophils

A

→ it is polymorphonuclear, so it has an irregular, multi-lobed nucleus
→it is a granulocyte, which means that it has prominent cytoplasmic granules which are toxic and used for killing microorganisms

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5
Q

List the three different types of granulocytes, and the differences between them.

A

NEUTROPHILS:
→weakly staining granules
→the most common type of WBC

EOSINOPHILS:
→granules stain red with eosin
→ make up 1-4% of WBCs

BASOPHILS:
→granules stain blue/purple with basic dyes
→make up <0.5% of WBCs

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6
Q

What are the two types of mononuclear cells?

A

→monocytes (the largest type of WBC)

→ lymphocytes (it has a large nucleus, and not a lot of cytoplasm).

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7
Q

give some properties of platelets?

A 
→known as thrombocytes
→cytoplasmic fragments
→ no nucleus 
→membrane-bound
→ contain granules
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8
Q

Where do blood cells come from?

A

→Mature blood cells are produced from the stem cells in the bone marrow.

→The bone marrow contains many immature cells.

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9
Q

what are the
1) ionic constituents of blood (+ve and -ve)
2) fluid components
of plasma?

A

→ fluid containing water, salts, proteins and organic molecules (eg. metabolites, carbohydrates, lipids, etc.)

→Its ionic constituents are positive ions (such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and hydrogen ions)

→negative ions (such as chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulphate and organic anions).

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10
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

→Plasma is the fluid component of the whole blood.

→Serum is the fluid left over after blood clotting factors have been removed from the plasma.

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11
Q

Describe the percentage of protein in the plasma.

A

→plasma is about 7-9% protein.

→over 90% of them is a single protein, albumin.

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12
Q

What are the three main functions of the blood?

A

→ TRANSPORT
→ IMMUNITY
→ HOMEOSTASIS

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13
Q

What does the blood transport?

A

→ carries oxygen/nutrients to tissues.

→ removes CO2/other waste products from tissues.

→ transports other substances (eg. hormones) from the sites of production to the sites of action.

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14
Q

Describe an erythrocyte’s role in oxygen transport and carbon dioxide removal.

A

→Erythrocytes transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues.

→ removal of CO2 from body tissues to the lungs.

→Most of the CO2 is carried as the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) in the plasma.

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15
Q

give some properties of haemoglobin and give its function

A

→The major constituent in red blood cells is the protein Haemoglobin (Hb).

→Hb binds oxygen and carries it from the lungs to the tissues.

→Hb is a protein tetramer made up of 4 polypeptide chains, 2 α and 2 β globin chains.

→Each globin chain carries a haem molecule.

→Each haem holds a ferrous (Fe2+) iron atom.

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16
Q

what are the two forms of haemoglobin and what are their colors?

A

→OXYHAEMOGLOBIN, when it is fully saturated with O2, making it bright red

→DEOXYHAEMOGLOBIN, when it has lost all of its O2, making it dark red

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17
Q

What is the difference in what the plasma carries and what the plasma proteins carry?

A

→PLASMA: carries soluble metabolites in solution

→PLASMA PROTEINS: carry substances which are poorly soluble in water (eg. lipids and lipid-soluble hormones and vitamins), they also carry metal ions (eg. Ca2+, Fe2+, Cu2+).

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18
Q

why do plasma proteins need to carry ions?

A

→the ions can be toxic
→ if you get a bacterial infection, the bacteria need metal ions (especially Fe2+) for growth, so having them bound slows their growth.

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19
Q

how are platelets generated?

A

cytoplasmic fragments generated from large cells in the bone marrow

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20
Q

what is the difference between ferrous and ferric iron

A

→ferrous iron has lost 3 electrons

→ ferric ion has lost 2 electrons

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21
Q

what does pulse oximetry determine?

A

the oxygen saturation in the blood

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22
Q

why is oximetry used?

A

→opiates supress breathing and they are at risk of becoming hypoxic

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23
Q

how much of the red blood cell is taken up by Hb?

A

→50% of the space

24
Q

how many Hb molecules are in each RBC

A

→300,000,000

25
Q

what is the haematocrit?

A

→volume of cells compared to the total volume

Normal value is 0.4-0.5

26
Q

what does a low haematocrit mean

A

→severe anaemia

27
Q

what is the lifespan of a RBC?

A

→120 days

28
Q

what does FBC measure

A

→Provides information about the numbers and kinds of cells in the blood.
→RBC, WBC & Platelets.

29
Q

what is MCV?

A

the mean red cell volume measures the size of the RBCs

30
Q

what is an MCHC?

A

the mean cell haemoglobin content

how much Hb in each red cell

31
Q

what is WBC

A

white blood cell count used for diagnosing infection

32
Q

what is LFT?

A

→liver function tests

→groups of blood tests that give information about the state of a patient’s liver.

33
Q

What is the U+E test for

A

tests kidney function and metabolic abnormalities

34
Q

what is a lipid profile?

A

→triglycerides
→cholesterol
→LDL and HDL

35
Q

describe haemostasis

A

→the major plasma protein for clotting is fibrinogen

→there are proteases which process the fibrinogen and turn it into fibrin.

→Clotting factors control the process

→ fibrin clot reinforces the primary platelet plug.

36
Q

describe homeostasis with relation to blood

A

→it keeps the internal environment of the body constant and maintains a pH of 7.4

→ it controls the distribution of water and solutes
and distributes heat around the body

37
Q

what is the role of platelets in haemostasis?

A

→they recognize damage at a blood vessel wall and form a platelet plug and prevent bleeding

→the plug stops the bleeding but it’s temporary

38
Q

what is the normal time for bleeding to stop?

A

10-15 seconds is the normal time for bleeding to stop

39
Q

what are neutrophils for?

A

→phagocytose and kill bacteria and fungi

→main mediators of innate immunity

40
Q

what are lymphocytes for?

A

→mediators of adaptive immunity

→produce antibodies

→kill viruses and infected cells

41
Q

what are eosinophils for?

A

→they kill parasites

→involved in allergic responses

Involved in inflammation

Tissue becomes mast cells

42
Q

what are basophils for?

A

→they kill parasites

→involved in allergic responses

→involved in inflammation

43
Q

what are macrophages for?

A

→phagocytes of dead cells

→monocytes in tissues are called macrophages

44
Q

why is it hard for septicemia to spread?

A

→bacteria need iron to grow so if the iron is bound to a protein then it is harder to use them.

45
Q

what is albumin?

A

albumin is a general purpose carrier

46
Q

what is transferrin

A

the iron binding proteins

cells have transferrin receptors

47
Q

why are some ions potentially toxic if they were free in the blood?

A

Cu 2+ can become copper free radicals

48
Q

how are lipid soluble proteins transported in the blood?

A

they are coated in plasma proteins

49
Q

why do you use EDTA for some blood tests?

A

it requires unclotted blood so the anticoagulant EDTA is used because it binds with the calcium ions

50
Q

how does carbonic anhydrase work?

A

→ It helps CO2 to dissolve in plasma in the tissues

→ helps it come out of solution in the lungs.

51
Q

how does oxygen bind to the iron atom in Hb?

A

→Oxygen binds reversibly to the iron atom by a coordination bond (dative bond).

→This is known as oxygenation, not oxidation.

52
Q

How are plasmas involved in immune defence?

A

Immunoglobulins (Ig):

Made by B-lymphocytes

Act as antibodies against pathogens

Complement proteins:

kill bacteria and other pathogens

cooperate with Ig and WBC

53
Q

What organ disturb haemostasis?

A
  1. Kidney
  2. Liver
  3. Lungs
  4. Cardiovascular system
  5. Endocrine organs
54
Q

what are compositions of plasma protein?

A

Normal: 7-9% of plasma is protein

Complex- thousands of different proteins

But > 90% is a single protein: albumin

55
Q

What is albumin?

A

a protein made by your liver. Albumin helps keep fluid in your bloodstream so it doesn’t leak into other tissues.

Year One: Pesky Things (20 decks)

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