Phagocytes-1

Question 1

Monocytes differentiate from

Answer 1

precursors during hematopoeiss in bone marrow

Question 2

CCL2/MCP-1

Answer 2

MCP-1=Monocyte chemotactic factor-1 Attracts monocytes into circulation and into tissues

Question 3

activated monocytes secrete

Answer 3

GM- CSF M-G-CSF M-CSF

Question 4

Monocytes are precursors of

Answer 4

macrophages

Question 5

Products of Lysosomes

Answer 5

Defensins-permeabilize bacterial and fungal membranes Lactoferrin-binds to microorganism Lysozyme-destroys muramic acid in cell wall. Meloperoxidase which makes hypocholirte, halogenates bacterial cell walls

Question 6

Product of NADPH oxidase activation

Answer 6

superoxide anion Hydroxyl radical hyrdoxyl ion hydrogen peroxide All are toxic to the pathogen

Question 7

Hypochlorite

Answer 7

fromed from hydrogen peroxide but needs myeloperoxidase enzyme for the reaction.

Question 8

product of iNOS activation

Answer 8

NO plus other reactive nitrogen intermediates

Question 9

activated macrophages function as

Answer 9

antigen presenting cells for CD+ T cells

Question 10

chemokines secreted by macrophages

Answer 10

IL-8 CXCL8 MCP-1 CCL2

Question 11

Cytokines secreted by macrophages

Answer 11

IL 1,6,12, 15, 18 TNF

Question 12

IL-8/CXCL8

Answer 12

Target: Neutorphils Role: Mobilization and chemotaxis to sites of inflammation

Question 13

Production and Secrtion of IL-1 and IL-18 requires two signals

Answer 13

Signal 1- activation of NFkappaB following PAMP-PRR interaction which leads to transcription and production of Pro-IL-1 and pro-IL18 Signal 2 activation of NALP3 inflammasome by various DAMPS

Question 14

DAMPS

Answer 14

molecules released during tramua or cell death reactive oxygen species ATP Cholesterol crystals Free fatty acids and endogenous molecules.

Question 15

PAMPS

Answer 15

pathogen associated molecular pattern, found on the pathogen and signal the PRR’s on the macrophage considered a PPR ligand.

Question 16

PRR

Answer 16

Pattern Recognition receptor (Toll like receptors are a family of PRR’s that distinguish pathogens from self.) signal the transcritpion translation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines signals the presence of a phagosome

Question 17

lysosome

Answer 17

fuse with phagosome to form phagolysosome where it discharges granules

Question 18

PRR exist as

Answer 18

membrane bound receptors, cytosolic receptor or secreted receptors

Question 19

PRR receptors trigger

Answer 19

cascade that lead to secretion of inflammatory cytokines and other responses associated with innate immune system.

Question 20

Toll Like receptors

Answer 20

each recognize a different molecular pattern and signaling leading to different signal cascades. expressed on various types of cells like macrophages and neutorphils. arefound on cytosolic vesicles and external cell membranes

Question 21

Activation of NADPH oxidase

Answer 21

NADPH is an enzyme complex that has components from plasma membrane and cytosol. Phagocytosis triggers phagosome vacuole. this triggers mobilization of glycogen, conversion of glucose to generate NADPH in PPP. NADPH makes the superoxide anion. Superoxide anion becomes other ROS/ROI’s

Question 22

NO in destruction of phagosome

Answer 22

can cross the vesicle membrane and invade the microorgansim. it is harmful to microorgansims because it generates RNI’s important for destroying Mycobacteria and leishmania species. uses iNOS to make it