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PHA6114 > [PHA6114 lec] Vaccination and Immunization > Flashcards

[PHA6114 lec] Vaccination and Immunization Flashcards

1
Q

Condition of being resistant to disease, most notably to infections

A

Immunity

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2
Q

Process by which the condition of being resistant to disease is achieved is called

A

Immunization

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3
Q

Antigen suspension derived from antigen

A

Vaccines

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4
Q

Form of __________, or the prevention of disease through immunization

A

Immunoprophylaxis

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5
Q

T or F: Experimental vaccines for cancer have been developed as “immunotherapy” for patients who already have the disease

A

True

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6
Q

6 Goals of the Global Vaccine Action Plan

A
  1. Immunization against Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis
  2. Measles Mortality Reduction
  3. Rubella Elimination
  4. Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination
  5. Polio Eradication
  6. Use of New or Underutilized Vaccines
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7
Q

5 Facts about Vaccines

A
  1. Vaccines are safe and effective
  2. Vaccines prevent deadly illnesses
  3. Vaccines provide better immunity than natural infections
  4. Combined vaccines are safe and beneficial
  5. If we stop vaccination, diseases will return
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8
Q

5 Facts about Vaccines

A
  1. Vaccines are safe and effective
  2. Vaccines prevent deadly illnesses
  3. Vaccines provide better immunity than natural infections
  4. Combined vaccines are safe and beneficial
  5. If we stop vaccination, diseases will return
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9
Q

2 Types of Spreading of Infection

A
  1. Common reservoir or Common source
    - of the infections agent that is distinct from the diseased individuals
  2. Population by Serial Transfer or Propagated source
    - from diseased to healthy, susceptible individuals
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10
Q

Common Source of Infections

A

Potential Reservoirs of Infection
- infected drinking water
- contaminated water vapor from a cooling tower
- contaminated food

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11
Q

T or F: The source of infection is transient

A

True

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12
Q

Propagated Source of Infections

A

Direct transmission of an infective agent from a disease to a healthy one (e.g., inhalation of infective aerosols)

Direct physical contact (e.g., syphilis, herpesvirus, and human papillomavirus)

Introduction of infected fecal material into drinking water (e.g., cholera, typhoid fever) or onto food (e.g., salmonella and campylobacter)

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13
Q

The following are true about the Objectives of a Vaccine/Immunization Program

A
  1. Potential to develop a protective vaccine/immunization program for all infectious diseases
  2. Whether or not such vaccines are developed and deployed is related to the severity and economic impact of the disease on the community as well as the effects upon the individual
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14
Q

Different Objectives of a Vaccine/Immunization Program

A
  1. Disease severity
  2. Vaccine effectiveness
  3. Safety
  4. Public perceptions
  5. Cost
  6. Longevity of Immunity
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15
Q

[Objective of Vaccine/Immunization Program]

Severity of the disease in terms of its morbidity and mortality, the probability of permanent injury to its survivors and the likelihood of infection must be sufficient to warrant the costly development of a vaccine and its subsequent use

A

Disease Severity

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16
Q

[Objective of Vaccine/Immunization Program]

Vaccines to be included within national immunization and vaccination programs should be chosen to reflect the infection risks within that country

A

Disease Severity

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17
Q

[Objective of Vaccine/Immunization Program]

Vaccination and immunization programs seldom confer 100% protection against the target disease

A

Vaccine Effectiveness

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18
Q

[Objective of Vaccine/Immunization Program]

Common degree of protection from vaccines

A

60-95%

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19
Q

[Objective of Vaccine/Immunization Program]

What are the most efficient immunization?

A

Anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus prophylaxes

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20
Q

[Objective of Vaccine/Immunization Program]

No medical or therapeutic procedure comes without some risk to the patient, but all possible steps are taken to ensure safety, quality, and efficacy of vaccines and immunological products

A

Safety

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21
Q

[Objective of Vaccine/Immunization Program]

Risks associated with immunization procedures are constantly reviewed and balanced against the risks associated with contracting the disease

A

Safety

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22
Q

[Objective of Vaccine/Immunization Program]

Public confidence in the safety of vaccines and immunization procedures is essential if compliance is to match the needs of the community

A

Public Perceptions

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23
Q

[Objective of Vaccine/Immunization Program]

Correlation between actual risk and perception of risk is not always reliable

A

Public Perceptions

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24
Q

[Objective of Vaccine/Immunization Program]

Cheap, effective vaccines are essential component of the global battle against infectious diseases

A

Cost

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25
Q

[Objective of Vaccine/Immunization Program]

Newer vaccines, particularly those that have been genetically engineered are considerably more expensive, putting the costs beyond the budgets of many developing countries

A

Cost

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26
Q

[Objective of Vaccine/Immunization Program]

Ideal of any vaccine is to provide lifelong protection of the individual against disease

A

Longevity of Immunity

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27
Q

[Objective of Vaccine/Immunization Program]

Immunological memory depends on the survival of cloned populations of ___________

A

B and T lymphocytes

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28
Q

[Objective of Vaccine/Immunization Program]

What is the common range for the duration of protection a person dependent on vaccine gets?

A

10 to 20 years

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29
Q

[Objective of Vaccine/Immunization Program]

T or F: If the immune system is not boosted, either naturally or reimmunization, protective immunity is gained in childhood may be lost by the age of 60

A

False, age of 30

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30
Q

2 Classes of Immunity

A

Passively acquired and Actively acqujired

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31
Q

Class of immunity through the receipt of performed, protective antibodies

A

Passive acquired

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32
Q

Class of immunity through an immune response following deliberate or accidental exposure to microorganisms or their component parts

A

Actively acquired

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33
Q

Examples of Artificial Passive Immunity

A
  1. Humoral antibodies of the IgG class are able to cross the placenta
  2. Secreted IgA antibodies are also passed to the gut of the newborn, together with the first deliveries of breast milk
34
Q

3 Types of Vaccines

A

Live, Killed and component, DNA Vaccines

35
Q

[Types of Vaccines]

Live, infective microorganisms, attenuated with respect to their pathogenicity but retaining their ability to infect, can be used to confer protective immunity

A

Live Vaccines

36
Q

[Types of Vaccines]

Exposure may be mediated through the natural route of infection, thereby stimulating an immune response that is appropriate for the particular disease

A

Live Vaccines

37
Q

[Types of Vaccines]

Course of action, and possible side fx, might be affected by the infection and immunological status of the patient

A

Live Vaccines

38
Q

[Types of Vaccines]

Vaccines are unable to evoke a natural infection profile with respect to the release of antigen, they must be administered on a number of occassions

A

Killed and Component Vaccines

39
Q

[Types of Vaccines]

Specificity of the immune response generated in the patient may be initially low

A

Killed and Component Vaccines

40
Q

Substances that are often included in vaccines in order to increase the immune response to target antigens

A

Adjuvants (e.g., alum and o/w emulsions)

41
Q

[DNA Vaccines]

T or F: DNA is introduced directly into the tissue cells by means of a transdermal “gene gun” and is transcribed by the recipient cells

A

True

42
Q

Host responds to the antigenic material produced as though it was an infection

A

DNA Vaccines

43
Q

Course of release of antigen reflects that of a natural infection and, therefore, a highly specific response is invoked

A

DNA Vaccines

44
Q

Routine Immunization against Infectious Disease

A
  1. Poliomyelitis Vaccination
  2. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination
  3. Tuberculosis
  4. Diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTap) immunization
  5. Immunization against bacteria associated with meningitis
  6. Human Papillo (HPV) Virus
45
Q

Is the only disease at present for which both live and killed vaccines compete

A

Polio

46
Q

What does inactivated polio (Salk) vaccine (IPV) contain? –> killed all 3 stereotypes

A

Formalin

47
Q

Poliomyelitis Vaccination

A
  1. On injection, the vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies of the IgM and IgG class that neutralize the virus in the second stage of infection
  2. Course of three injections at monthly intervals produces long-lasting immunity to all three types of poliovirus
48
Q

Now less commonly used vaccine for polio

A

Live, oral polio (Sabin) vaccine or OPV

49
Q

Advantages of OPV

A

Lower cost and easier administration

50
Q

[Classic Illnesses and Prevention]

Signs: Rash that starts on the face, red eyes, and a bad cough

Prevention: MMR Vaccine

A

Measles

51
Q

[Classic Illnesses and Prevention]

Signs: Swelling above the jaw, plus aches, fever, and other flu-like symptoms

Prevention: MMR Vaccine

A

Mumps

52
Q

[Classic Illnesses and Prevention]

Signs: Itchy red bumps that appear in clusters, plus flu-like symptoms

Prevention: Varicella Vaccine

A

Chickenpox

53
Q

[Classic Illnesses and Prevention]

Signs: Intense coughing, with a distinctive “whoop” sound

Prevention: DTaP or TDaP Vaccine

A

Pertussis

54
Q

A single injection produces a high-level immunity in over 95% of recipients

A

Measles

55
Q

T or F: As the vaccine induces immunity more rapidly than the natural infection, it may be used to control the impact of measles outbreaks

A

True

56
Q

In the absence of vaccination, infection occurs in more than 90% of individuals by age of 15

A

Mumps

57
Q

T or F: Live, attenuated mumps vaccine are not available and has never been part of the childhood vaccination

A

False, it’s available since 1967 and has been part of childhood vaccination

58
Q

AKA German Measles

A

Rubella

59
Q

Rubella vaccine utilizes what?

A

Live, cold, adapted strain of the virus

60
Q

What is the major disadvantage of Rubella Vaccine or MMR?

A

With the wild type, fetus can be infected

61
Q

Vaccine that was introduced to the UK in 1988 for young children of both sexes, replacing the single measles vaccine

A

MMR Vaccine

62
Q

Consists of a single dose of a lyophilized preparation of live attenuated strains of the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses

A

MMR Vaccine

63
Q

_____ vaccine is required to elicit protection against TB and both ______ and ______ are required for protective immunity

A

Live, antibody and cell-mediated immunity

64
Q

BCG

A

Bacillus Calmette Andguerin

65
Q

BCG is derived from an attenuated ____________?

A

Mycobacterium bovis strain

66
Q

Immunization against these three unrelated diseases is considered together because the vaccines are non-living and are often co-administered as a triple vaccine as part of the childhood vaccination program

A

Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Acellular Pertussis (DTaP) Immunization

67
Q

T or F: A swollen neck or referred to as “bull neck” is a characteristic of diphtheria

A

True

68
Q

Immunization stimulates the production of an antitoxin which protects against the disease but not against the infection or colonization of the respiratory tract

A

Diphtheria

69
Q

Toxoid, prepared by formaldehyde treatment of the purified toxin and administered while adsorbed to an adjuvant, usually aluminum phosphate or aluminum hydroxide

A

Diphtheria

70
Q

AKA Lockjaw

A

Tetanus

71
Q

Immunization employs a toxoid and protects by stimulating the production of antitoxin that will neutralize the toxin as the organisms release it and before it can be adsorbed into the nerves

A

Tetanus

72
Q

AKA Whooping Cough

A

Pertussis

73
Q

Full course of vaccine now consists of highly purified selected components of the _________ organism which are treated with formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde and absorbed onto aluminum phosphate or aluminum hydroxide adjuvants

A

Bordetella pertussis

74
Q

For Meningococcal Immunization, there are currently no available vaccine for ________ but vaccines are available for ________

A

Group B, Groups A and C

75
Q

T or F: Meningococcal vaccine is effective in adults therefore it is suitable for protecting people of old age

A

False, effective in very young age, suitable for infants

76
Q

Vaccine utilizes purified preparations of the polysaccharide capsule of the major stereotypes of the bacterium associated with the disease

A

Haemophilus Influenzae Type B (HIB)

77
Q

T or F: Polysaccharides are poorly immunogenic and must be conjugated onto a protein carrier to enhance efficacy

A

True

78
Q

Under pneumococcal vaccination, there are 2 types developed what are those?

A

Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine or PPV
- contains purified capsular polysaccharide from 23 capsular types of bacterium

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine or PCV
- comprises capsular polysaccharides from 7 common capsular types

79
Q

PPV is an effective vaccine for ________ but is considerably improved in _______ by a process called __________

A

Adults, children, protein conjugaiton

80
Q

Comprises recombinant subunits expressed in yeast or in cells of insect origin such that the vaccine contains non-infectious, virus-like particles

A

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine

81
Q

Categories relate to occupational risks or risks associated with travel abroad

A

Immunization of Special Risk Groups
- ex. against cholera, typhoid, meningitis A, anthrax, hepatitis A and B, influenza, Japanese encephalitis, rabies, tick-borne encephalitis, and yellow fever

82
Q

AKA Mandatory Infants and Children Health Immunization Act of 2011

A

RA 10152

PHA6114 (6 decks)

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