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PHA6114 > [PHA6114 lec] Antibiotics > Flashcards

[PHA6114 lec] Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

[Herbal Remedies]

Onion, Sibuyas, Quercetin

A

Allium cepa

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2
Q

[Herbal Remedies]

Garlic, Bawang, Allicin

A

Allium sativum

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3
Q

[Herbal Remedies]

Turmeric, Dilaw, Curcumin

A

Curcuma longa

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4
Q

[Herbal Remedies]

Pepper, Paminta, Peperine

A

Piper nigrum

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5
Q

Pioneered the development of antibiotics with his work ‘606’ or Selvarsan (Tx for syphilis)

A

Paul Ehrlich

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6
Q

The one responsible for the isolation of an antibiotic substance penicillin from Penicillium notatum

A

Alexander Fleming

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7
Q

[Desired Properties of Antimicrobial Agents]

Antimicrobial properties

A
  • selectivity for microbial rather than mammalian targets
  • broad spectrum of activity
  • cidal activity (antimicrobial and antifungal)
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8
Q

[Desired Properties of Antimicrobial Agents]

Pharmacological properties

A
  • nontoxic to the host
  • long plasma half life
  • good tissue distribution
  • low plasma-binding protein
  • oral and parenteral dosage forms
  • no interference with other drugs
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9
Q

Critical Factors that Determine the Selection of Antimicrobial Drugs

A
  1. Organism’s identity and its sensitivity to a particular agent
  2. Site of infection
  3. Safety of agent
  4. Patient’s factor
  5. Cost
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10
Q

Classification of Anti-microbial Drugs

A
  1. Activity against particular types of organisms
  2. Mechanism of Action
  3. Chemical structure
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11
Q

Arrest the growth and replication of bacteria

A

Bacteriostatic Drugs

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12
Q

Kills bacteria and total number of viable organisms decreases

A

Bactericidal Drugs

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13
Q

Drugs that are considered Bacteriostatic

A

Chloramphenicol, Nitrofurantoin, Clindamycin, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Trimethoprim, Lincomycin

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14
Q

Drugs that are considered Bactericidal

A

Aminoglycosides, Quinolones, Cycloserine, Vancomycin, Carbapenems, Penicillin, Cephalosporin

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15
Q

3 Types of Chemotherapeutic Spectrum

A

Narrow, Extended, and Broad

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16
Q

Types of Antimicrobial Drugs according to Mechanism of Action

A
  1. Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
  2. Protein synthesis inhibitors
  3. Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
  4. Cell membrane disrupters
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17
Q

T or F: Combination of Antimicrobial Drugs have both advantages and disadvantages

A

True

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18
Q

It refers to the ability of a microorganism to withstand a drug that was previously toxic to it

A

Drug Resistance

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19
Q

Basic Mechanism by which Microorganisms can become Resistant to Anti-microbial Drugs

A
  1. Production of drug-inactivating enzyme
  2. Changes to drug penetration
  3. Changes in receptor structure
  4. Alteration of metabolic pathways
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20
Q

Early intervention through the use of antibiotic before a pathogen is identified

A

Empiric Therapy

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21
Q

What are the benefits of Empiric Therapy?

A
  1. Helps improve the outcome of an infection
  2. Physicians use information from history, physical examination, and any other completed diagnostic tests to determine which antibiotic to use
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22
Q

Use of antibiotic to prevent a disease

A

Antimicrobial Prophylaxis

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23
Q

Common Complications of Antibiotic Therapy

A

Hypersensitivity, Direct Toxicity, Super infections

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24
Q

2 Types of Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors

A

B-Lactam Antibiotics and Others

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25
Q

What are the drugs under B-Lactam Antibiotics?

A

Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Carbapenems, Monobactam

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26
Q

What the drugs classified as other antibiotics?

A

Vancomycin and Bacitracin

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27
Q

It is the most widely effective antibiotic and are among the least toxic drugs known

A

Penicillin

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28
Q

What are the common adverse effects of Penicillin?

A

Hypersensitivity (major)
Seizure
GIT disturbances
Hemolytic anemia
Cation toxicity

29
Q

3 Mechanisms of Action of Penicillin

A
  1. Penicillin binding protein
  2. Inhibition of transpeptidase
  3. Autolysins
30
Q

4 Classifications of Penicillin

A

Natural, Anti-staphylococcal, Anti-pseudomonal, Extended spectrum

31
Q

Examples of Natural Penicillin

A

G, V, G procaine, G benzathine

32
Q

T or F: Natural penicillin has a small spectrum

A

False, wide spectrum

33
Q

What type of organisms does Natural Penicillin affect the most?

A

Gram-positive organisms

34
Q

Clinical indications that is being cured by natural penicillin are the following;

A

Streptococci
Syphilis
Meningococci
Diphtheria
Enterococci
Anthrax
Clostridia
Actinomycosis
Listeria

35
Q

Absorption of Natural Penicillin depends on _______ and _______?

A

Acid stability and protein binding

36
Q

T or F: Absorption of most penicillin is not affected by food

A

False, it is affected

37
Q

T or F: Natural penicillin mostly remains unchanged when excreted as urine

A

True

38
Q

Renal tubular secretion can be delayed by co-administration of _______ that inhibits the organic acid secretion system

A

Probenecid

39
Q

Examples of Anti-staphylococcal Penicillin (Penicillinase Resistant)

A

Methicillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Cloxacillin

40
Q

When do we use Penicillinase Resistant Penicillin?

A

When killing staphylococci that produce penicillinase

41
Q

T or F: Anti-staphylococcal Penicillin have a wide spectrum

A

False, very narror

42
Q

Examples of Anti-pseudomonal Penicillin

A

Mezlocillin, Piperacillin, Azlocillin, Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin

43
Q

T or F: Anti-pseudomonal Penicillin are extremely unstable that is why they are given IV or IM

A

True

44
Q

Anti-pseudomonal Penicillin are effective against what type of organism?

A

Gram-negative bacilli except Klebsellia

45
Q

Adverse Effect of Anti-pseudomonal Penicillin

A

Platelet dysfunction

46
Q

Examples of Extended-Spectrum Penicillin

A

Amoxicillin, Ampicillin

47
Q

T or F: Extended-Spectrum Penicillin is effective against all organisms affected by the natural penicillin and even gram-negative organisms (E. coli, P. mirabilis, S. shigella, H. influenzae, L. monocytogenes)

A

True

48
Q

Extended-Spectrum Penicillin are inactivated by?

A

B-Lactamase

49
Q

Potential side effect of Extended-Spectrum Penicillin

A

Pseudomembranous colitis

50
Q

T or F: Extended-spectrum Penicillin can be taken in with B-Lactamase Inhibitors?

A

Clavulanic acid, Sulbactam, Tazobactam

51
Q

Alteration in target penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs)

A

Resistance

52
Q

Decreased cell permeability which prevents the penetration of antibiotic to its target

A

Resistance

53
Q

To which drugs are B-Lactamase Inhibitors paired with?

A
  1. Clavulanic acid with amoxicillin or ticarcillin
  2. Sulbactam with ampicillin
  3. Tazobactam with piperacillin
54
Q

B-Lactam antibiotics that are closely related to both structure and function to penicillin

A

Cephalosporins

55
Q

T or F: Cephalosporins are mostly administered through IV because of their poor oral absorption

A

True

56
Q

Adverse effect of Cephalosporins

A

Allergic manifestation, disulfiram-like effect, and bleeding

57
Q

Cephalosporins are analogous to penicillin in:

A
  1. Binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins
  2. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis by blocking the transpeptidase step of peptidoglycan synthesis
  3. Activation of autolytic enzyme
58
Q

Classification of Cephalosporins

A

First, Second, Third, Fourth Generations

59
Q

How do Cephalosporins change through generations?

A
  • decrease in gram-positive coverage
  • increase in gram-negative coverage
  • increase in CNS penetration
  • increase in resistance in B-Lactamase
60
Q

First Generation Cephalosporins

A

Cefazolin, Cafadroxil, Cephalexin, Cephalothin, Cephapirin, Cephradine

61
Q

Second Generation Cephalosporins

A

Cefaclor, Cefamandole, Cafonicid, Cefametazole, Cefotetan, Cefoxitin, Cefuroxime, Cefuroxime Axetil

62
Q

Third Generation Cephalosporins

A

Cefixime, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftizoxime, Ceftriaxone

63
Q

Fourth Generation Cephalosporins

A

Cefepime, Cefpirome

64
Q

Other Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors

A

Monobactam (Aztreonam)
Carbapenems
Vancomycin
Bacitracin
Cycloserine

65
Q

Disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding protein and inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis

A

Monobactam (Aztreonam)

66
Q

T or F: Monobactam is administered IV or IM and excreted in the urine

A

True

67
Q

Monobactam indicateswhat type of rods?

A

Gram-negative rods

68
Q

Adverse effects of Monobactam

A

Skin rash, Elevated liver enzymes, and GIT distress

PHA6114 (6 decks)

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