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PHA6114 > [PHA6114 lec] Antibiotics > Flashcards

[PHA6114 lec] Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

[Herbal Remedies]

Onion, Sibuyas, Quercetin

A

Allium cepa

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2
Q

[Herbal Remedies]

Garlic, Bawang, Allicin

A

Allium sativum

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3
Q

[Herbal Remedies]

Turmeric, Dilaw, Curcumin

A

Curcuma longa

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4
Q

[Herbal Remedies]

Pepper, Paminta, Peperine

A

Piper nigrum

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5
Q

Pioneered the development of antibiotics with his work ‘606’ or Selvarsan (Tx for syphilis)

A

Paul Ehrlich

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6
Q

The one responsible for the isolation of an antibiotic substance penicillin from Penicillium notatum

A

Alexander Fleming

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7
Q

[Desired Properties of Antimicrobial Agents]

Antimicrobial properties

A
  • selectivity for microbial rather than mammalian targets
  • broad spectrum of activity
  • cidal activity (antimicrobial and antifungal)
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8
Q

[Desired Properties of Antimicrobial Agents]

Pharmacological properties

A
  • nontoxic to the host
  • long plasma half life
  • good tissue distribution
  • low plasma-binding protein
  • oral and parenteral dosage forms
  • no interference with other drugs
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9
Q

Critical Factors that Determine the Selection of Antimicrobial Drugs

A
  1. Organism’s identity and its sensitivity to a particular agent
  2. Site of infection
  3. Safety of agent
  4. Patient’s factor
  5. Cost
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10
Q

Classification of Anti-microbial Drugs

A
  1. Activity against particular types of organisms
  2. Mechanism of Action
  3. Chemical structure
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11
Q

Arrest the growth and replication of bacteria

A

Bacteriostatic Drugs

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12
Q

Kills bacteria and total number of viable organisms decreases

A

Bactericidal Drugs

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13
Q

Drugs that are considered Bacteriostatic

A

Chloramphenicol, Nitrofurantoin, Clindamycin, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Trimethoprim, Lincomycin

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14
Q

Drugs that are considered Bactericidal

A

Aminoglycosides, Quinolones, Cycloserine, Vancomycin, Carbapenems, Penicillin, Cephalosporin

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15
Q

3 Types of Chemotherapeutic Spectrum

A

Narrow, Extended, and Broad

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16
Q

Types of Antimicrobial Drugs according to Mechanism of Action

A
  1. Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
  2. Protein synthesis inhibitors
  3. Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
  4. Cell membrane disrupters
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17
Q

T or F: Combination of Antimicrobial Drugs have both advantages and disadvantages

A

True

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18
Q

It refers to the ability of a microorganism to withstand a drug that was previously toxic to it

A

Drug Resistance

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19
Q

Basic Mechanism by which Microorganisms can become Resistant to Anti-microbial Drugs

A
  1. Production of drug-inactivating enzyme
  2. Changes to drug penetration
  3. Changes in receptor structure
  4. Alteration of metabolic pathways
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20
Q

Early intervention through the use of antibiotic before a pathogen is identified

A

Empiric Therapy

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21
Q

What are the benefits of Empiric Therapy?

A
  1. Helps improve the outcome of an infection
  2. Physicians use information from history, physical examination, and any other completed diagnostic tests to determine which antibiotic to use
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22
Q

Use of antibiotic to prevent a disease

A

Antimicrobial Prophylaxis

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23
Q

Common Complications of Antibiotic Therapy

A

Hypersensitivity, Direct Toxicity, Super infections

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24
Q

2 Types of Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors

A

B-Lactam Antibiotics and Others

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25
What are the drugs under B-Lactam Antibiotics?
Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Carbapenems, Monobactam
26
What the drugs classified as other antibiotics?
Vancomycin and Bacitracin
27
It is the most widely effective antibiotic and are among the least toxic drugs known
Penicillin
28
What are the common adverse effects of Penicillin?
Hypersensitivity (major) Seizure GIT disturbances Hemolytic anemia Cation toxicity
29
3 Mechanisms of Action of Penicillin
1. Penicillin binding protein 2. Inhibition of transpeptidase 3. Autolysins
30
4 Classifications of Penicillin
Natural, Anti-staphylococcal, Anti-pseudomonal, Extended spectrum
31
Examples of Natural Penicillin
G, V, G procaine, G benzathine
32
T or F: Natural penicillin has a small spectrum
False, wide spectrum
33
What type of organisms does Natural Penicillin affect the most?
Gram-positive organisms
34
Clinical indications that is being cured by natural penicillin are the following;
Streptococci Syphilis Meningococci Diphtheria Enterococci Anthrax Clostridia Actinomycosis Listeria
35
Absorption of Natural Penicillin depends on _______ and _______?
Acid stability and protein binding
36
T or F: Absorption of most penicillin is not affected by food
False, it is affected
37
T or F: Natural penicillin mostly remains unchanged when excreted as urine
True
38
Renal tubular secretion can be delayed by co-administration of _______ that inhibits the organic acid secretion system
Probenecid
39
Examples of Anti-staphylococcal Penicillin (Penicillinase Resistant)
Methicillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Cloxacillin
40
When do we use Penicillinase Resistant Penicillin?
When killing staphylococci that produce penicillinase
41
T or F: Anti-staphylococcal Penicillin have a wide spectrum
False, very narror
42
Examples of Anti-pseudomonal Penicillin
Mezlocillin, Piperacillin, Azlocillin, Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin
43
T or F: Anti-pseudomonal Penicillin are extremely unstable that is why they are given IV or IM
True
44
Anti-pseudomonal Penicillin are effective against what type of organism?
Gram-negative bacilli except Klebsellia
45
Adverse Effect of Anti-pseudomonal Penicillin
Platelet dysfunction
46
Examples of Extended-Spectrum Penicillin
Amoxicillin, Ampicillin
47
T or F: Extended-Spectrum Penicillin is effective against all organisms affected by the natural penicillin and even gram-negative organisms (E. coli, P. mirabilis, S. shigella, H. influenzae, L. monocytogenes)
True
48
Extended-Spectrum Penicillin are inactivated by?
B-Lactamase
49
Potential side effect of Extended-Spectrum Penicillin
Pseudomembranous colitis
50
T or F: Extended-spectrum Penicillin can be taken in with B-Lactamase Inhibitors?
Clavulanic acid, Sulbactam, Tazobactam
51
Alteration in target penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs)
Resistance
52
Decreased cell permeability which prevents the penetration of antibiotic to its target
Resistance
53
To which drugs are B-Lactamase Inhibitors paired with?
1. Clavulanic acid with amoxicillin or ticarcillin 2. Sulbactam with ampicillin 3. Tazobactam with piperacillin
54
B-Lactam antibiotics that are closely related to both structure and function to penicillin
Cephalosporins
55
T or F: Cephalosporins are mostly administered through IV because of their poor oral absorption
True
56
Adverse effect of Cephalosporins
Allergic manifestation, disulfiram-like effect, and bleeding
57
Cephalosporins are analogous to penicillin in:
1. Binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins 2. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis by blocking the transpeptidase step of peptidoglycan synthesis 3. Activation of autolytic enzyme
58
Classification of Cephalosporins
First, Second, Third, Fourth Generations
59
How do Cephalosporins change through generations?
- decrease in gram-positive coverage - increase in gram-negative coverage - increase in CNS penetration - increase in resistance in B-Lactamase
60
First Generation Cephalosporins
Cefazolin, Cafadroxil, Cephalexin, Cephalothin, Cephapirin, Cephradine
61
Second Generation Cephalosporins
Cefaclor, Cefamandole, Cafonicid, Cefametazole, Cefotetan, Cefoxitin, Cefuroxime, Cefuroxime Axetil
62
Third Generation Cephalosporins
Cefixime, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftizoxime, Ceftriaxone
63
Fourth Generation Cephalosporins
Cefepime, Cefpirome
64
Other Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
Monobactam (Aztreonam) Carbapenems Vancomycin Bacitracin Cycloserine
65
Disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding protein and inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis
Monobactam (Aztreonam)
66
T or F: Monobactam is administered IV or IM and excreted in the urine
True
67
Monobactam indicateswhat type of rods?
Gram-negative rods
68
Adverse effects of Monobactam
Skin rash, Elevated liver enzymes, and GIT distress

PHA6114 (6 decks)

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