PH14: Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

Define zoonoses

A

Disease and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man.

This does not include:

  • fish and reptile toxins
  • Allergies to invertebrates
  • Experimentally transmitted diseases
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2
Q

Define anthropozoonoses

A

Infections transmitted to humans from animals which act as reservoirs

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3
Q

Define zooantroponoses

A

Diseases present in humans but could be transmitted to animals

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4
Q

Define amphixenosis

A

The disease in which both man and animals could act as reservoir hosts

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5
Q

What is the role of the vet in tackling zoonoses?

A

Raise awareness and promote prevention

Enhance detection (some zoonotic diseases are notifiable and reportable)

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6
Q

What is another name for psittacosis?

A

Parrot Fever

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7
Q

What causes Psittacosis?

A

The bacterium Chlamydia psittaci

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8
Q

What are the risk factors to Psittacosis?

A
  • Inadequate ventilation
  • Poor cleaning
  • Overcrowding
  • Long survival in the environment (resistant to drying)
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9
Q

How is Psittacosis transmitted?

A

Humans: inhalation of dried bird faeces, direct contact with birds, discharges

Bird-to-bird: vertical transmission via egg or trough feeding by regurgitation

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10
Q

Who is most at risk of contracting Psittacosis?

A

Children, immunocompromised, pregnant women (high mortality of foetuses or new-borns)

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11
Q

How do you prevent psittacosis?

A

Preventative husbandry: no overcrowding, good ventilation, avoid mixing birds from different sources

Quarantine newly acquired birds

Detain and isolate affected birds followed by C&D

Extra care during PM of infected birds

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12
Q

What causes toxoplasmosis?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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13
Q

Who is the reservoir and who is the definitive host?

A

Reservoir: rodents

Definitive host: cats

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14
Q

How is toxoplasmosis transmitted?

A

Transmitted by consumption of infectious oocysts in cat faeces

Consumption of tissue cysts in infected meat

Transplacental transfer of tachyzoites from mother to foetus

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15
Q

Who is most at risk of toxoplasmosis?

A

Pregnant women - might lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, CNS damage to foetus

Immunosuppressed

Sheep - mummified foetus, leathery placenta with multiple white foci of necrosis

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16
Q

How do you prevent toxoplasmosis?

A

Humans

  • Cook food thoroughly
  • Wash veggies
  • Hand washing
  • Correct kitchen hygiene
  • Pregnant women to avoid all contact with cat, pregnant animals, raw meat, or soil
  • PPR when handling soil, cat faeces, aborted materials

Cat

  • Do not feed raw meat
  • Clean litter daily
  • Discourage hunting

Sheep

  • Keep aborted ewes (they can pass down immunity)
  • Vaccination
  • Medicated feed
  • Keep only adult, neutered cats on farm
17
Q

What causes toxocariasis?

A

Dogs: toxocra canis

Cats: toxocara cati/mystax

18
Q

How is toxocariasis transmitted?

A

Animals: transplacental infection

HumansL by accidnetal ingestion of oocytes

19
Q

How do you prevent toxocariasis?

A
  • Deworming
  • Sourcing animals from approved breeders
  • Older animals are more immune
  • Clean your pet’s living area (safe disposal of faeces
  • Do not allow children to play in areas that are soiled with faeces
  • Wash hands with soap and warm water
  • Teach children that it is dangerous to eat dirt or soil
20
Q

What are the two types of toxocariasis?

A

Visceral larva migrans

Ocular larva migrans

21
Q

What causes Q Fever?

A

Coxiella burnetti

22
Q

What are the risk factors of Q Fever?

A
  • Close contact with ruminants
  • Environmentally resistant spores
  • Occupational disease: vets, house workers, farmers
23
Q

How is Q fever transmitted?

A

Animals: direct contact with infected birth fluids, milk, urine, mother to foetus or indirectly via vectors

Humans: aerosol, mucosa/skin abrasion in contact with infected material, drinking unpasteurized milk/dairy products, ticks and fleas

24
Q

How do you control against Q Fever?

A
  • Identify, segregate, eliminate infected animals
  • Disinfection of abortion area
  • Vaccine
  • Control of ectoparasites on livestock
  • Good personal hygiene
  • PPE when handling abortion
  • Reduce exposure to infected tissues and fluids
  • Pasteurization of milk
25
Q

What causes Glanders?

A

Burkholderia mallei

26
Q

Where does Glanders occur?

A

Middle-east, South America, India

27
Q

How is glanders transmitted?

A

Horses: ingestion of contaminated food and water

Humans: via discharges from infected horses via skin abrasions, mucous membranes, or aerosols

28
Q

Who is the reservoir of glanders?

A

equidae

29
Q

Who is at particular risk of glanders?

A

Vets, horse-workers, butchers

30
Q

Where are the lesions for glanders? for farcy?

A

Glanders: lesions seen in the nostrils, submaxillary lymph nodes and lungs

Farcy: located on the surface of limbs or body

  • Acute: nasal discharge, coughing, high fever, and ulceration o the nasal mucous
  • Chronic: nodules develop subQ and ulcerate
31
Q

How do you prevent glanders?

A
  • Banning imports from countries where the disease has been reported
  • Cull affected animals
  • Use adequate PPE