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Morphology > Pg 1-7 > Flashcards

Pg 1-7 Flashcards

1
Q

Morphology

A

the rules for word formation and structure

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2
Q

Word formation

A

dual meanings in linguistics

these meanings must be separated

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3
Q

Etymology

A

the study of the “original” and “true” meanings of words

history of words

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4
Q

T/F: Words change over time.

A

True

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5
Q

In what aspects do words change? (2)

A
  1. Formal (spelling, morpho-syntactic features, pronunciation)
  2. Meaning
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6
Q

How do french inflect nouns for plurals?

A

with sibilants (s,z)

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7
Q

The various plural forms began to disappear in favor of what?

A

Modern English Plurals

- sibilant allomorphs (s, z, es)

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8
Q

Allomorph

A

a variant form of a morph/morphemes

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9
Q

Phonologically conditioned allomorph

A

variation in sounds occurs for phonological reasons

differences in sounds between the plurals

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10
Q

Process of word formation (2)

A
  1. Back-formation

2. Foreign borrowing

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11
Q

Back-formation

A

morphological process wherein a base form of the word is derived from an exiting word form that appears to be derived or inflected form, though in fact, it is also a base form.

happens within one language

Nouns to verbs

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12
Q

Foreign Borrowing

A

extremely common process of word formation occurs when foreign words or phrases are borrowed into a language.

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13
Q

English is replete with borrowings from ___?

A

Latin through French

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14
Q

Cases of Foreign borrowing (2)

A
  1. Original meaning and structure are preserved

2. Foreign syllables are reanalyzed and/or the meaing is changed

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15
Q

What is lexicalized?

A

sound sequence become automatically linked with the concept.

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16
Q

T/F: Linguists do not consider such changes to be mistakes, nor harbingers of “corruption”.

A

True

17
Q

T/F: Linguists accept reanalysis as a natural morphological process that is inevitable since every new speaker of language literally reproduces his/her morphological system from scratch, in accordance with universal rules.

A

True

18
Q

Dual perspective of language needed for?

A

to account for the morphological facts.

19
Q

Diachronic (historical) perspective

A

study of language over time

May also be: study of historical changes in langauge

Looks at langauge as an entity in its own right and considers word formation to be a historical process that is still in progress ans which has many accidental aspects.

20
Q

Synchronic Perspective

A

study language that is focused on NS knowlede of a language.

Only concerned with Native Speaker Knowledge

21
Q

Native Speaker Knowledge

A

procedural knowledge that speakers have of their language at any point in time.

does not include historical facts about language.

22
Q

NS knowledge arises as a result of?

A

unconcious analysis of current forms in the language.

23
Q

Descriptive morphology

A

ignores interesting historical facts and simply classify the words as ordinary nouns.

24
Q

T/F: It is possible to study historical linguistics from within a generative framework by considering different historical periods as successive, linked synchronic epochs.

A

True

25
Q

what is the generative morphology from synchronic perspective concern?

A

On synchronic patterns of English morphology and how they relate to universal grammar.

26
Q

What is the goal of Generative languists?

A

to charactize NS knowledge of language in specific terms

to contruct a descriptive grammar.

27
Q

what is the underlying assumption in generative linguistic?

A

that all grammars are derived from universal rules.

28
Q

morphology

A

as an abstract system

29
Q

Abstract system

A

unattached to any particular language

30
Q

Universal Grammar (UG)

A

the underlying system of language principles that is assumed to be genetically inherited

natural rules and processes that govern language acquisition and use.

31
Q

Lexicon

A

interacts with the rules of morphology, but that the particular rules of morphology each language adopts can vary.

32
Q

What is one general way of characterizing the variety in the words languages with respect to morphology?

A

Terms of richness of morphology

33
Q

what is rich?

A

degree to which the language employs morphological marking to express semantic or grammatical content

34
Q

What is the working assumption in linguistics?

A

all languages are roughly equivalent in expressive power.

35
Q

T/F: Languages distribute the burdens of expressiveness in different ways.

A

True

36
Q

In what ways do Languages distribute the burdens of expressiveness?

A

some languages rely more or morphology and other on syntax (phrase structure, word order)

37
Q

What is the relationship between Morphology and Syntax?

A

the richer the morphological system, the freer- and therefore- simpler, the syntactic system and vice versa.

Morphology (6 decks)

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