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Y4 FA - Pigs > Pet pigs and their peculiarities > Flashcards

Pet pigs and their peculiarities Flashcards

1
Q

What causes the majority of issues in pet pigs?

A

Management
- Owner knowledge and on site handling create the biggest problems to be faced when attending a pet pig or smallholding

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2
Q

Name 6 full size pigs breeds - try and describe a characteristic of each

A
  1. Large White (‘pricky ear’ appearance)
  2. Landrace (long animals with floppy ears)
  3. Duroc (dark brown/ginger hair)
  4. Pietrain (patchy spots of blue/black skin)
  5. Saddleback (not on commercial farms, white strip on front limbs and around neck, floppy ears)
  6. Hampshire (white strip on front limbs and around neck, pricky ears)
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3
Q

Name 6 medium size pigs breeds - try and describe a characteristic of each

A
  • Tamworth (ginger haired pig, large belly, pointy ears)
  • Berkshire (white blazes on feet, nose and tail, black hair, pointy ears)
  • Middle White (hard to snare due to snout conformation)
  • Welsh (not commercial, similar to a landrace but not as long)
  • Gloucester Old Spot (black spots over pinky skin, floppy ears – so long they reach the snout)
  • British Lop (floppy ears, pendulous belly, white hair, pink skin)
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4
Q

Name 2 small sized pig breeds

A

Kune-Kune
Vietnamese Pot Bellied

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5
Q

Which pig breed has to be castrated if they aren’t used as a sire? why?

A

Kune-Kune - predisposition for scrotal hernias

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6
Q

Describe the 3 main legalities small holders need to abide by

A
  • Site needs to be registered with Defra as a farm - CPHH number
  • All movements need to be registered
  • Walking licences
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7
Q

Describe the legalities surrounding movement licenses on small holders

A

Specific route detailed by DVM
- Has to be agreed before the ‘walk’ occurs
- Is only for one route – very specific and can’t be deviated from
- Requires collar & lead – training

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8
Q

What is illegal on all pig rearing premises that is admitted by 24% of owners?

A

Feeding kitchen scraps
- Can be home grown or bought directly from a source but cannot have passed through a kitchen

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9
Q

What are the main risks of small holdings to the pig industry?

A
  • Small holdings and pet pigs represent a major risk for disease entry and spread
  • Lack of understanding of biosecurity (and the law) pushes this risk very high
  • Lack of any method of restraint makes proper clinical examination and investigation nigh on impossible
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10
Q

Describe the behavioural considerations for pigs

A
  • Pigs can be very strong and will fight back if cornered
  • Can be aggressive to both humans and other pigs – often seen when mixed and sorting out ‘top dog’
  • Sows protect their piglets and arcs – they can move quickly
  • Very destructive and will push through anything if they want to – any hole or electric fence
  • Biting is a form of inquisitive behaviour, although it doesn’t feel like that!
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11
Q

Describe the key points of handling pigs

A
  • If a pig wants to go somewhere, it can be difficult to stop!
  • Don’t get in the way of a moving pig…built to go through things
  • No areas to grip a pig – tails and ears are NOT appropriate
  • When restrained, they will scream – warn the owner
  • Smaller pigs can be picked up, rolled or lifted with hind legs on the ground
  • Use any equipment that is to hand gates, pig board, fences
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12
Q

Describe the gold standard of pig handling

A

Snitch/snare - make sure it is behind the canine teeth on upper jaw only

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13
Q

Describe the differences of a clinical exam for a pig

A
  • Very fatty so palpation can be a challenge
  • Huge surface area, often with skin folds
  • Auscultation is often not possible – if they squeal it can affect hearing so don’t do
  • Rectal temperature can be variable - 39.5°C usually taken as top of normal …but can be above this…
  • Samples can be collected while restrained
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14
Q

What % of their BW should pigs eat daily?

A

1%

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15
Q

Describe the key considerations of feeding pigs

A
  • Pigs are omnivores and will eat pretty much anything - they practice cannibalism in the wild
  • Often fed on unbalanced diets, more through ignorance – this can lead to vitamin deficiencies
  • Kitchen scraps can form a major part of their diet - ILLEGAL and huge risk to the industry
  • Will destroy their paddock, graze grass and dig up roots to supplement their diet
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16
Q

Describe the water provision that pet pigs need

A

Will need around 10% of their bodyweight daily
Needs to be provided in a robust way – they will uproot troughs to spill the water if they can

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17
Q

Why do pigs wallow in mud

A

Unable to sweat
Cover themselves in mud to protect themselves – excessive heat will be removed by urination, increasing water requirements further

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18
Q

Describe obesity in pet pigs

A

Very common in pet pigs, leading to a multitude of other problems
Should be made to work for their food, and able to be mobile and run

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19
Q

List some consequences of obesity in pigs

A

Arthritis, inactivity, joint issues, foot problems, dermatitis, eye issues

20
Q

What are the causes of consequences of emaciation in pigs?

A
  • Can start with just a failure to eat: pyrexia, too hot, rubbish food, no water
  • Can progress further and indicate a bigger problem: wrong food, heavy parasite burden
  • Leads to weakness and infections – can become a welfare problem
21
Q

Describe the housing/environment of many pet pigs

A
  • Often kept in small areas, but also insecure
  • Shack / hut often only form of shelter – draughts and chilling are frequent
  • Usually kept without any hard standing – just mud and straw
  • Straw quality can be poor (not just with pet pigs!)
22
Q

List some zoonotic infections of pigs

A
  • Brucellosis
  • Campylobacter
  • Taenia solium
  • Hepatitis E
  • Leptospirosis
  • Ringworm
  • Salmonella
  • Swine influenza
  • Toxoplasmosis
23
Q

Describe enteric diseases in pet pigs

A
  • Scour is not as common since infection burden is low, but still needs to be worked up
  • Nutritional can be more common due to unusual diets and variation in it
  • Twisted guts can result from abrupt changes to food and water
  • Ulcers from low level stress can be common: intermittent feeding and large numbers of stones will not help
24
Q

Respiratory issues in pet pigs are most commonly due to?

A

Ascarid worm burdens affecting lung function from migrating larvae (L3)

25
Q

Which skin disease is common in pet pigs?

A

Sarcoptic mange

26
Q

How is sarcoptic mange treated?

A

Ivermectins

27
Q

Name a lice of pigs

A

Haematopinus suis

28
Q

Describe ringworm in pet pigs

A

Variable, UV light best cure and medium response to ruminant washes

29
Q

Why can insect bites cause issues in pet pigs?

A

Low grade pruritis. Aren’t easy to kill as they don’t live in the pig housing e.g. Stomoxys calcitrans

30
Q

How might sunburn present?

A

As a nervous disease

31
Q

What is the cause of parakeratosis in pigs?

A

Zinc and vitamin B deficiencies - correct the diet

32
Q

Why is old age alopecia only really seen in pet pigs?

A

Not seen often on commercial herds as animals are culled

33
Q

Joint issues in pet pigs are mostly due to?

A

Obesity or age

34
Q

How are joint issues treated

A

Anti -inflammatories
Bedding

35
Q

How does Erysipelas present as a lameness issue?

A

Common cause of stiffness that does not ‘walk off’
Can have other issues – skin and heart problems
Treatment with penicillin effective if early - Possibly vaccinate?

36
Q

What are some treatment considerations of pigs

A

Often extra thick layers of fat – use a long enough needle to get into muscle!
Use 1.5 inch for adults and 16G. 1-inch 18G for smaller pigs. 1-inch 21G for piglets
Aim for the neck muscle – larger target and allows to be more confident

37
Q

Which analgesic agents can be used in pigs?

A

Ketoprofen – oral and injectable
Meloxicam – oral and injectable
Tolfenamic acid – injectable

38
Q

Describe the 4 suggested routine treatments for pet pigs

A
  1. Erysipelas vaccination – twice a year
  2. Clostridial vaccination – twice a year
  3. Parasite control – both endo and ectoparasites Ivermectin twice a year (benzimidazoles up to 4 times a year)
  4. Iron injection for piglets (depends on soil access)
39
Q

Describe the considerations surrounding de-tucking boars

A
  • Teeth problems not common – tartar and odd broken
  • Can sometimes get uneven wear from malformed jaw (congenital) or stone chewing
  • Boar tusks grow continuously and will need trimming under sedation if not wearing down on their own
  • Any further examination of the mouth will need a GA
40
Q

How can boars be sedated for de-tucking?

A

Azaperone

41
Q

What needs to be considered when using azaperone in boars?

A

Beware priapism: penis will come out so make sure its not stepped on/damaged

42
Q

How is de-tucking of boars carried out?

A

Using embryotomy wire, saw at a diagonal as close to the gum as possible – there are no nerves in the tooth itself and the only blood is in the gum if caught. The wire will get hot enough to burn

43
Q

Which agent is used for anaesthetic in pigs?

A

Ketamine

44
Q

Describe the considerations of anaesthetic use in pigs

A
  • Anaesthetic maintenance can be a challenge
  • Impossible to assess fully prior to induction, so risk of anaesthetic death is raised
  • Close monitoring needed, with quick intervention
  • Plane of anaesthesia difficult to maintain due to fat distribution – will wake up quickly and walk off
45
Q

List some commonly seen ‘older pig diseases’ - seen in pet pigs rather than commercial as they are not culled

A
  • Arthritis
  • Joint / foot problems: corrective if possible
  • Tumour growth: rare but often terminal – lymphosarcoma most common
  • Dental issues: only when very old, and stone chewing predisposes
  • Diabetes
  • Fractures: linked with obesity / nutritional problems
46
Q

Describe the two euthanasia methods for pet pigs

A

Gun (free bullet or captive bolt) is method of choice
Barbiturate injection – usually owner preference

47
Q

Describe Barbiturate injection in pet pigs

A
  • Venupuncture is not easy…
  • Small pigs can be injected intracardiac through LHS chest, drawing back blood before injecting
  • May need to sedate first using azaperone
  • Ear veins easy to blow, possibly leg / abdomen

Y4 FA - Pigs (10 decks)

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