Medicine basics & vaccinations Flashcards
What are the aims of using vaccines?
Disease control
Improve health & productivity
Responsible antibiotic use
Which diseases do the breeding herd need to be protected against (6 options)
- Parvovirus
- Erysipelas
- Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
- Porcine circovirus 2
- Leptospirosis
- Clostridium novyi
Which active diseases do the growing herd need to be protected against (8 options)
- Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (EP)
- Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2)
- Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
- Haemophilus parasuis (Glassers)
- Lawsonia intracellularis
- Erysipelas
- Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)
- Escherichia coli
Which passive diseases do the growing herd need to be protected against (6 options)
Into sows to protect piglets:
- Erysipelas
- Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome
- Porcine Circovirus 2
- Escherichia coli
- Clostridium perfringens
- Haemophilus parasuis (Glassers)
Name the 3 vaccination types
inactivated
live
autogenous
Describe inactivated vaccines
Primary course – slow – lower response
SAFE – cheap
Describe live vaccines
Primary course – quick – strong response
RISKY
Describe autogenous vaccines
Emergency only – challenges
List the possible routes of administration for vaccines - which aren’t used?
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Intradermal
Oral
Water
Not used – intravenous, feed, topical
Every pig in the world should recieve which vaccine?
Porcine circovirus 2
Which diseases would you vaccinate piglets for?
PCV2
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
PRRS
Lawsonia intracellularis
Erysipelas
Haemophilus parasuis
E.coli
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
When vaccinating growing pigs what considerations do you need to keep in mind?
- MDA interference
- Duration of protection variation
- Infection pressure vs immune protection
- Are we aiming for prevention of disease?…
Describe the legalities surrounding emergency (autogenous) vaccine use
- Have to use an MA vaccine first – and prove it doesn’t work
- When they can be used
- Named farm system specific
- All inactivated – restricted adjuvant choice (can’t excite the immune system in the right way)
Describe antibody levels in young pigs
No protection across the placenta
All comes from colostrum
Window of susceptibility as passive protection decreases
Timing of vaccination is essential
Describe the methods of restraint used in pigs
- Snare
- Pig boards: need to be down to the ground
- Environment: walkways, gates
- Crates – farrowing, free access
- Crowding
- Holding
What is the gold standard of restraint in pigs?
Snare
Where are snares placed?
Into mouth, behind canines
Upon restraint what response may pigs elicit?
Will produce a scream alert response – warn owners if on a small holding farm
Compare the efficacy of IV, IM and SC injectable administration in pigs
Pigs have a large fat layer – subcut has slower uptake
Intramuscular is used for most things
Intravenous not often used
What are the considerations, pros and cons of injectable medications in pigs
- Correct dose
- Individually administered
- Quicker response
- Easier identification
- Wide range of treatments
- Time/labour intensive
- Potential injection site issues
- Stress factor
- Broken needles: issue when going into the food chain
What are the considerations, pros and cons of medications administered in water troughs pigs
- Easy to administer: no stress
- Quick start of medication
- Treatment & control
- Intermediate cost
- Flexible – dependent on plumbing / access
- Group treatment – reduced targeting
- Not guaranteed uptake – rely on the pig going to drink
- System installation
- Plumbing/blockages
- Cost – wastage – efficacy
What are the considerations, pros and cons of medications administered in feed for pigs
- Whole groups treated
- Disease prevention uses
- Least cost per treated animal
- Potential for regional / neighbour farm health upgrade
- Variable dose
- Slow start of treatment
- Reduced targeting of ill animals
- Least effective method to treat ill animals
- Residue risk
- Logistics for small quantities
Describe the technique for SC dosing of medications in pigs
Dose; short(ish) needle; site; angle
45 degree angle to the skin
Describe the technique for IM dosing of medications in pigs
- Dose ; correct needle length; site; angle
- 90 degree angle
- Right length of needle, wrong angle = still in the subcutaneous layer
- Triangle of muscle from the back of the ear – across and down
Describe the technique for oral dosing of medications in pigs
Dose; holding; throat – make sure they swallow
Describe the technique for topical dosing of medications in pigs
Dose; personal protection; careful application
How must medicines be legally stored on farm?
- Locked/security
- Fireproof – 30 mins
- Leak/spill proof
- Separate area staff room/office/feed store
- Clinical equipment separate
- Signs & records
How long must medical record be kept on farm?
5 years
What information needs to be kept in medical records?
- Product used & batch
- Treatment period (start & end dates)
- ID of animal
- Treatment reason
- Dose given & route
- Withdrawal period
- Clearance date: Vital if they are entering the food chain
- Initials / name of person giving the medicine
When giving in-feed treatment how can you avoid residues?
- Need to make sure they are cleared completely from food bins
- Be aware of mould growth: mycotoxins
- Will affect withdrawals if medicated feed isn’t properly cleared from food troughs
How are the majority of antibiotics administered in pigs?
Via feed
Describe the legalities of antibiotic use in pigs
Prophylaxis (now banned across the UK)/ metaphylaxis / treatment
Describe the features/use of class one antibiotics
- First line treatment choice wherever possible
- Use only when clinically required
Describe the features/use of class two antibiotics
Use with caution
- Choose only when there are no clinically effective treatments in class one
- Prescribing should ideally be supported by sensitivity testing
Name the class one antibiotics
- Tetracyclines
- Diaminopyrimidines
- Sulphonamides
- Penicillins
- Aminoglycoside (spectinomycin)
Name the class two antibiotics
- Betalactams
- Aminoglycosides: apramycin, streptomycin
- Phenicols
- Lincosamides
- Macrolides e.g. Tylosin
What factors influence the choice of antibiotic?
- Simplest molecule to get the desired outcome
- As little as possible, as much as is needed
- PVS classification system
- Choose active ingredient (target – sensitivity (disc vs MIC) – clinical experience)
- Availability and deliverability on farm
- Speed of delivery
- Withdrawal period
Which needles would you use in
1. weaners
2. growers
3. finishers
1 = 21G 5/8’’ green needle
2 = 19G 1’’ pink needle
3 = 16G 1’’ metal hub
Name some low penetration antibiotics
Beta lactams
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Aminoglycosides
Spectinomycin
- ionisable
Name some mid-high penetration antibiotics
Sulphonamides
Trimethoprim
Macrolides
Tetracycline
Name some high penetration antibiotics
Higher tetracyclines; fluoroquinolones; florfenicol
- non ionisable very extensive in intracellular everywhere
What are the considerations of individual animal therapies
Accurate estimate of weight
Length of activity
Injection site – restraint
Records for withdrawal period
What are the considerations of group animal therapies
Calculate daily dose for the group
To be provided in the daily intake of water or feed:
- Water: pigs consume ~10% bodyweight daily
- Feed: medication is often calculated as ppm for finished feed
Clean down needed post treatment window
Describe anti-coccidial therpay
Coccidiostat – Toltrazuril (oral and injectable form)
Timing of treatment is critical for response, but farm specific
Not under scrutiny for prophylactic use…yet…!
Which hormones are used to stimulate oestrus in pigs?
PG600
GnRH analogue
Which hormones are used to synchronise oestrus in pigs?
Synthetic progesterone’s
Which drugs are used to assist farrowing?
Induction = PGF2a
Uterine contraction / milk let down = oxytocin or analogues
What is the consequence of under dosing progesterone’s?
Under dosing is catastrophic -> ovarian cysts – wont cycle again
Describe the use of NSAIDs in pigs
Used widely as an adjunctive therapy
Anti-inflammatory properties are useful
Anti-pyretic properties are becoming used more widely
Injectable and oral forms
Describe the use of steroids in pigs
Often a simple molecule that is used for very short term treatment – a useful tool
Have their uses and should be part of the armoury used on farm
