Medicine basics & vaccinations Flashcards by Sophie Robinson

What are the aims of using vaccines?

Disease control
Improve health & productivity
Responsible antibiotic use

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Which diseases do the breeding herd need to be protected against (6 options)

Parvovirus
Erysipelas
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
Porcine circovirus 2
Leptospirosis
Clostridium novyi

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Which active diseases do the growing herd need to be protected against (8 options)

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (EP)
Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2)
Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
Haemophilus parasuis (Glassers)
Lawsonia intracellularis
Erysipelas
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)
Escherichia coli

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Which passive diseases do the growing herd need to be protected against (6 options)

Into sows to protect piglets:
- Erysipelas
- Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome
- Porcine Circovirus 2
- Escherichia coli
- Clostridium perfringens
- Haemophilus parasuis (Glassers)

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Name the 3 vaccination types

inactivated
live
autogenous

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Describe inactivated vaccines

Primary course – slow – lower response
SAFE – cheap

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Describe live vaccines

Primary course – quick – strong response
RISKY

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Describe autogenous vaccines

Emergency only – challenges

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List the possible routes of administration for vaccines - which aren’t used?

Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Intradermal
Oral
Water
Not used – intravenous, feed, topical

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Every pig in the world should recieve which vaccine?

Porcine circovirus 2

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Which diseases would you vaccinate piglets for?

PCV2
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
PRRS
Lawsonia intracellularis
Erysipelas
Haemophilus parasuis
E.coli
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

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When vaccinating growing pigs what considerations do you need to keep in mind?

MDA interference
Duration of protection variation
Infection pressure vs immune protection
Are we aiming for prevention of disease?…

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Describe the legalities surrounding emergency (autogenous) vaccine use

Have to use an MA vaccine first – and prove it doesn’t work
When they can be used
Named farm system specific
All inactivated – restricted adjuvant choice (can’t excite the immune system in the right way)

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Describe antibody levels in young pigs

No protection across the placenta
All comes from colostrum
Window of susceptibility as passive protection decreases
Timing of vaccination is essential

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Describe the methods of restraint used in pigs

Snare
Pig boards: need to be down to the ground
Environment: walkways, gates
Crates – farrowing, free access
Crowding
Holding

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What is the gold standard of restraint in pigs?

Snare

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Where are snares placed?

Into mouth, behind canines

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Upon restraint what response may pigs elicit?

Will produce a scream alert response – warn owners if on a small holding farm

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Compare the efficacy of IV, IM and SC injectable administration in pigs

Pigs have a large fat layer – subcut has slower uptake
Intramuscular is used for most things
Intravenous not often used

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What are the considerations, pros and cons of injectable medications in pigs

Correct dose
Individually administered
Quicker response
Easier identification
Wide range of treatments
Time/labour intensive
Potential injection site issues
Stress factor
Broken needles: issue when going into the food chain

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What are the considerations, pros and cons of medications administered in water troughs pigs

Easy to administer: no stress
Quick start of medication
Treatment & control
Intermediate cost
Flexible – dependent on plumbing / access
Group treatment – reduced targeting
Not guaranteed uptake – rely on the pig going to drink
System installation
Plumbing/blockages
Cost – wastage – efficacy

What are the considerations, pros and cons of medications administered in feed for pigs

Whole groups treated
Disease prevention uses
Least cost per treated animal
Potential for regional / neighbour farm health upgrade
Variable dose
Slow start of treatment
Reduced targeting of ill animals
Least effective method to treat ill animals
Residue risk
Logistics for small quantities

Describe the technique for SC dosing of medications in pigs

Dose; short(ish) needle; site; angle
45 degree angle to the skin

Describe the technique for IM dosing of medications in pigs

Dose ; correct needle length; site; angle
90 degree angle
Right length of needle, wrong angle = still in the subcutaneous layer
Triangle of muscle from the back of the ear – across and down

Describe the technique for oral dosing of medications in pigs

Dose; holding; throat – make sure they swallow

Describe the technique for topical dosing of medications in pigs

Dose; personal protection; careful application

How must medicines be legally stored on farm?

- Locked/security - Fireproof – 30 mins - Leak/spill proof - Separate area staff room/office/feed store - Clinical equipment separate - Signs & records

How long must medical record be kept on farm?

5 years

What information needs to be kept in medical records?

- Product used & batch - Treatment period (start & end dates) - ID of animal - Treatment reason - Dose given & route - Withdrawal period - Clearance date: Vital if they are entering the food chain - Initials / name of person giving the medicine

When giving in-feed treatment how can you avoid residues?

- Need to make sure they are cleared completely from food bins - Be aware of mould growth: mycotoxins - Will affect withdrawals if medicated feed isn’t properly cleared from food troughs

How are the majority of antibiotics administered in pigs?

Via feed

Describe the legalities of antibiotic use in pigs

Prophylaxis (now banned across the UK)/ metaphylaxis / treatment

Describe the features/use of class one antibiotics

- First line treatment choice wherever possible - Use only when clinically required

Describe the features/use of class two antibiotics

Use with caution - Choose only when there are no clinically effective treatments in class one - Prescribing should ideally be supported by sensitivity testing

Name the class one antibiotics

- Tetracyclines - Diaminopyrimidines - Sulphonamides - Penicillins - Aminoglycoside (spectinomycin)

Name the class two antibiotics

- Betalactams - Aminoglycosides: apramycin, streptomycin - Phenicols - Lincosamides - Macrolides e.g. Tylosin

What factors influence the choice of antibiotic?

- Simplest molecule to get the desired outcome - As little as possible, as much as is needed - PVS classification system - Choose active ingredient (target – sensitivity (disc vs MIC) – clinical experience) - Availability and deliverability on farm - Speed of delivery - Withdrawal period

Which needles would you use in 1. weaners 2. growers 3. finishers

1 = 21G 5/8'' green needle 2 = 19G 1'' pink needle 3 = 16G 1'' metal hub

Name some low penetration antibiotics

Beta lactams Penicillins Cephalosporins Aminoglycosides Spectinomycin - ionisable

Name some mid-high penetration antibiotics

Sulphonamides Trimethoprim Macrolides Tetracycline

Name some high penetration antibiotics

Higher tetracyclines; fluoroquinolones; florfenicol - non ionisable very extensive in intracellular everywhere

What are the considerations of individual animal therapies

Accurate estimate of weight Length of activity Injection site – restraint Records for withdrawal period

What are the considerations of group animal therapies

Calculate daily dose for the group To be provided in the daily intake of water or feed: - Water: pigs consume ~10% bodyweight daily - Feed: medication is often calculated as ppm for finished feed Clean down needed post treatment window

Describe anti-coccidial therpay

Coccidiostat – Toltrazuril (oral and injectable form) Timing of treatment is critical for response, but farm specific Not under scrutiny for prophylactic use…yet…!

Which hormones are used to stimulate oestrus in pigs?

PG600 GnRH analogue

Which hormones are used to synchronise oestrus in pigs?

Synthetic progesterone's

Which drugs are used to assist farrowing?

Induction = PGF2a Uterine contraction / milk let down = oxytocin or analogues

What is the consequence of under dosing progesterone's?

Under dosing is catastrophic -> ovarian cysts – wont cycle again

Describe the use of NSAIDs in pigs

Used widely as an adjunctive therapy Anti-inflammatory properties are useful Anti-pyretic properties are becoming used more widely Injectable and oral forms

Describe the use of steroids in pigs

Often a simple molecule that is used for very short term treatment – a useful tool Have their uses and should be part of the armoury used on farm