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Y4 FA - Pigs > Medicine basics & vaccinations > Flashcards

Medicine basics & vaccinations Flashcards

1
Q

What are the aims of using vaccines?

A

Disease control
Improve health & productivity
Responsible antibiotic use

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2
Q

Which diseases do the breeding herd need to be protected against (6 options)

A
  • Parvovirus
  • Erysipelas
  • Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
  • Porcine circovirus 2
  • Leptospirosis
  • Clostridium novyi
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3
Q

Which active diseases do the growing herd need to be protected against (8 options)

A
  • Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (EP)
  • Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2)
  • Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
  • Haemophilus parasuis (Glassers)
  • Lawsonia intracellularis
  • Erysipelas
  • Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)
  • Escherichia coli
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4
Q

Which passive diseases do the growing herd need to be protected against (6 options)

A

Into sows to protect piglets:
- Erysipelas
- Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome
- Porcine Circovirus 2
- Escherichia coli
- Clostridium perfringens
- Haemophilus parasuis (Glassers)

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5
Q

Name the 3 vaccination types

A

inactivated
live
autogenous

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6
Q

Describe inactivated vaccines

A

Primary course – slow – lower response
SAFE – cheap

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7
Q

Describe live vaccines

A

Primary course – quick – strong response
RISKY

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8
Q

Describe autogenous vaccines

A

Emergency only – challenges

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9
Q

List the possible routes of administration for vaccines - which aren’t used?

A

Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Intradermal
Oral
Water
Not used – intravenous, feed, topical

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10
Q

Every pig in the world should recieve which vaccine?

A

Porcine circovirus 2

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11
Q

Which diseases would you vaccinate piglets for?

A

PCV2
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
PRRS
Lawsonia intracellularis
Erysipelas
Haemophilus parasuis
E.coli
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

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12
Q

When vaccinating growing pigs what considerations do you need to keep in mind?

A
  • MDA interference
  • Duration of protection variation
  • Infection pressure vs immune protection
  • Are we aiming for prevention of disease?…
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13
Q

Describe the legalities surrounding emergency (autogenous) vaccine use

A
  • Have to use an MA vaccine first – and prove it doesn’t work
  • When they can be used
  • Named farm system specific
  • All inactivated – restricted adjuvant choice (can’t excite the immune system in the right way)
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14
Q

Describe antibody levels in young pigs

A

No protection across the placenta
All comes from colostrum
Window of susceptibility as passive protection decreases
Timing of vaccination is essential

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15
Q

Describe the methods of restraint used in pigs

A
  • Snare
  • Pig boards: need to be down to the ground
  • Environment: walkways, gates
  • Crates – farrowing, free access
  • Crowding
  • Holding
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16
Q

What is the gold standard of restraint in pigs?

A

Snare

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17
Q

Where are snares placed?

A

Into mouth, behind canines

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18
Q

Upon restraint what response may pigs elicit?

A

Will produce a scream alert response – warn owners if on a small holding farm

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19
Q

Compare the efficacy of IV, IM and SC injectable administration in pigs

A

Pigs have a large fat layer – subcut has slower uptake
Intramuscular is used for most things
Intravenous not often used

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20
Q

What are the considerations, pros and cons of injectable medications in pigs

A
  • Correct dose
  • Individually administered
  • Quicker response
  • Easier identification
  • Wide range of treatments
  • Time/labour intensive
  • Potential injection site issues
  • Stress factor
  • Broken needles: issue when going into the food chain
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21
Q

What are the considerations, pros and cons of medications administered in water troughs pigs

A
  • Easy to administer: no stress
  • Quick start of medication
  • Treatment & control
  • Intermediate cost
  • Flexible – dependent on plumbing / access
  • Group treatment – reduced targeting
  • Not guaranteed uptake – rely on the pig going to drink
  • System installation
  • Plumbing/blockages
  • Cost – wastage – efficacy
22
Q

What are the considerations, pros and cons of medications administered in feed for pigs

A
  • Whole groups treated
  • Disease prevention uses
  • Least cost per treated animal
  • Potential for regional / neighbour farm health upgrade
  • Variable dose
  • Slow start of treatment
  • Reduced targeting of ill animals
  • Least effective method to treat ill animals
  • Residue risk
  • Logistics for small quantities
23
Q

Describe the technique for SC dosing of medications in pigs

A

Dose; short(ish) needle; site; angle
45 degree angle to the skin

24
Q

Describe the technique for IM dosing of medications in pigs

A
  • Dose ; correct needle length; site; angle
  • 90 degree angle
  • Right length of needle, wrong angle = still in the subcutaneous layer
  • Triangle of muscle from the back of the ear – across and down
25
Q

Describe the technique for oral dosing of medications in pigs

A

Dose; holding; throat – make sure they swallow

26
Q

Describe the technique for topical dosing of medications in pigs

A

Dose; personal protection; careful application

27
Q

How must medicines be legally stored on farm?

A
  • Locked/security
  • Fireproof – 30 mins
  • Leak/spill proof
  • Separate area staff room/office/feed store
  • Clinical equipment separate
  • Signs & records
28
Q

How long must medical record be kept on farm?

A

5 years

29
Q

What information needs to be kept in medical records?

A
  • Product used & batch
  • Treatment period (start & end dates)
  • ID of animal
  • Treatment reason
  • Dose given & route
  • Withdrawal period
  • Clearance date: Vital if they are entering the food chain
  • Initials / name of person giving the medicine
30
Q

When giving in-feed treatment how can you avoid residues?

A
  • Need to make sure they are cleared completely from food bins
  • Be aware of mould growth: mycotoxins
  • Will affect withdrawals if medicated feed isn’t properly cleared from food troughs
31
Q

How are the majority of antibiotics administered in pigs?

A

Via feed

32
Q

Describe the legalities of antibiotic use in pigs

A

Prophylaxis (now banned across the UK)/ metaphylaxis / treatment

33
Q

Describe the features/use of class one antibiotics

A
  • First line treatment choice wherever possible
  • Use only when clinically required
34
Q

Describe the features/use of class two antibiotics

A

Use with caution
- Choose only when there are no clinically effective treatments in class one
- Prescribing should ideally be supported by sensitivity testing

35
Q

Name the class one antibiotics

A
  • Tetracyclines
  • Diaminopyrimidines
  • Sulphonamides
  • Penicillins
  • Aminoglycoside (spectinomycin)
36
Q

Name the class two antibiotics

A
  • Betalactams
  • Aminoglycosides: apramycin, streptomycin
  • Phenicols
  • Lincosamides
  • Macrolides e.g. Tylosin
37
Q

What factors influence the choice of antibiotic?

A
  • Simplest molecule to get the desired outcome
  • As little as possible, as much as is needed
  • PVS classification system
  • Choose active ingredient (target – sensitivity (disc vs MIC) – clinical experience)
  • Availability and deliverability on farm
  • Speed of delivery
  • Withdrawal period
38
Q

Which needles would you use in
1. weaners
2. growers
3. finishers

A

1 = 21G 5/8’’ green needle
2 = 19G 1’’ pink needle
3 = 16G 1’’ metal hub

39
Q

Name some low penetration antibiotics

A

Beta lactams
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Aminoglycosides
Spectinomycin
- ionisable

40
Q

Name some mid-high penetration antibiotics

A

Sulphonamides
Trimethoprim
Macrolides
Tetracycline

41
Q

Name some high penetration antibiotics

A

Higher tetracyclines; fluoroquinolones; florfenicol
- non ionisable very extensive in intracellular everywhere

42
Q

What are the considerations of individual animal therapies

A

Accurate estimate of weight
Length of activity
Injection site – restraint
Records for withdrawal period

43
Q

What are the considerations of group animal therapies

A

Calculate daily dose for the group
To be provided in the daily intake of water or feed:
- Water: pigs consume ~10% bodyweight daily
- Feed: medication is often calculated as ppm for finished feed
Clean down needed post treatment window

44
Q

Describe anti-coccidial therpay

A

Coccidiostat – Toltrazuril (oral and injectable form)
Timing of treatment is critical for response, but farm specific
Not under scrutiny for prophylactic use…yet…!

45
Q

Which hormones are used to stimulate oestrus in pigs?

A

PG600
GnRH analogue

46
Q

Which hormones are used to synchronise oestrus in pigs?

A

Synthetic progesterone’s

47
Q

Which drugs are used to assist farrowing?

A

Induction = PGF2a
Uterine contraction / milk let down = oxytocin or analogues

48
Q

What is the consequence of under dosing progesterone’s?

A

Under dosing is catastrophic -> ovarian cysts – wont cycle again

49
Q

Describe the use of NSAIDs in pigs

A

Used widely as an adjunctive therapy
Anti-inflammatory properties are useful
Anti-pyretic properties are becoming used more widely
Injectable and oral forms

50
Q

Describe the use of steroids in pigs

A

Often a simple molecule that is used for very short term treatment – a useful tool
Have their uses and should be part of the armoury used on farm

Y4 FA - Pigs (10 decks)

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