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Environmental Health 3 > Pesticides and Health > Flashcards

Pesticides and Health Flashcards

0
Q

Examples of pests

A 
1 Insects
2 Weeds
3 Fungi
4 Bacteria
5 Viruses
6 Mice
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1
Q

Pesticide

A

Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying or controlling any pests including vectors of human or animal disease

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2
Q

Pests

A

Living organisms that are not wanted/can cause damage to crops, humans or the environment

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3
Q

Where are pesticides used?

A

1 Forests to control insects and under-story vegetation
2 Landscapes, parks, and recreational areas to control weeds, insects, and disease pests
3 Along railroads and under electric wires to control vegetation
4 Houses, schools, and commercial and office buildings to control insects, rodents, and fungi
5 Boat hulls to control fouling organisms
6 Aquatic sites to control mosquitoes and weeds
7 Wood products to control wood-destroying organisms
8 Food preparation areas to control insects and rodents
9 Human skin to kill or repel insects
10 Household pets to control fleas and ticks
11 Livestock to control insects and other pests

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4
Q

Wood-destroying organisms

A

Termites

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5
Q

Pesticide exposure

A 
1 Occupational settings
2 Environmental-occupational interface
3 Environmental settings
4 Accidental ingestion
5 Suicide/homicide
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6
Q

Agriculture jobs

A

1 Orchard thinner
2 Mixer loader
3 Flagger
4 Picker

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7
Q

Pesticide exposure: Occupational settings

A

1 Multiple industries

2 Variety of workers

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8
Q

Multiple industries

A

1 Agriculture
2 Emergency response
3 Maintenance
4 Transportation

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9
Q

Variety of workers

A

1 Applicators, field workers
2 Firefighters
3 Medical personnel
4 Flight attendants

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10
Q

Pesticide exposure: Environmental-Occupational Interface

A

1 Drift

2 Take-home

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11
Q

Off-target physical movement of pesticide through air

A

Drift

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12
Q

Contaminate clothing

A

Take-home

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13
Q

Pesticide containers brought home

A

Take-home

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14
Q

Pesticide exposure: Environmental settings

A 
1 Use in schools
2 Lawn, garden use
3 Household cleaning
4 Home pesticide use
5 Residues in food
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15
Q

Agriculture pesticide applications

A 
1 Aerial
2 Air blast sprayer
3 Enclosed cab
4 Boom sprayer
5 Backpack wand
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16
Q

Example of prescription pesticide that resembles oral medications

A

Lindane

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17
Q

Pesticide exposure: Accidental ingestion

A

1 Improper storage or mislabeling of container

2 Prescription pesticides resembling oral medications

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18
Q

Pesticide exposure: Suicide/homicide

A

1 Unknown substance

2 Secondary exposure

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19
Q

Concerns regarding pesticide use

A

1 Environmental

2 Health

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20
Q

POPS

A

Persistent organic pollutants

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21
Q

Environmental concerns

A

1 Persistence in the environment

2 Bio-concentration up the food chain

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22
Q

Health concerns

A

1 Acute effects

2 Chronic effects

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23
Q

Author of Silent Spring (1962)

A

Rachel Carson

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24
Q

Classification of pesticides

A

1 Types of pests
2 Chemical class
3 Toxicity

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25
Q

Hazard

A

Hazard = Exposure x Toxicity

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26
Q

How pesticides enter the body

A

Exposure

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27
Q

How poisonous the pesticide is

A

Toxicity

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28
Q

Relationship of toxicity and LD50

A

Inverse

29
Q

Classification of pesticides according to types of pests

A 
1 Insecticides
2 Fungicides
3 Herbicides
4 Rodenticides
5 Molluscides
30
Q

Chemical class classification of pesticides

A

1 Insecticides
2 Herbicides
3 Fungicides
4 Rodenticides

31
Q

Chemical class: Insectides

A 
1 Organophosphorus
2 Carbamates
3 Organochlorines
4 Pyrethrins and pyrethroids
5 Arsenical compounds
32
Q

Chemical class: Herbicides

A 
1 Chlorophenoxy compounds
2 Pentachlorophenol
3 Nitrophenolic/cresolic compounds
4 Paraquat
5 Diquat
6 Arsenical compounds
33
Q

Fungicides

A

1 Substituted benzenes
2 Thiocarbamates
3 Ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamates
4 Organo-metallic compounds

34
Q

Rodenticides

A

1 Inorganics
2 Coumarins/indandiones
3 Convulsants
4 Cholecalciferol

35
Q

Routes of exposure of pesticides

A

1 Dermal
2 Inhalation
3 Ingestion

36
Q

Factors affecting absorption

A

1 Liposolubility of chemical
2 Molecular weight
3 Electronic structure and dissociation constant
4 Nature of carrier, dilution factor, polar vs non-polar
5 Temperature

37
Q

T or F. Low mw pass through better

A

T

38
Q

T or F. Highly ionized pesticides are less likely to be absorbed.

A

T

39
Q

T or F. Polar pesticides penetrate better

A

F. Non-polar penetrate better

40
Q

Exposure prevention (general)

A 
1 Elimination
2 Substitution
3 Engineering
4 Administrative
5 PPE
41
Q

Safe usage

A 
1 Selection of type and concentration
2 Training and education
3 Personal protective equipment
4 Good work practices
5 Good personal hygiene
6 Administrative measures
7 Medical surveillance
42
Q

Examples of administrative measures

A

1 Job rotation
2 Medical surveillance
3 Health education

43
Q

Exposure prevention (specific)

A 
1 Substitution of less hazardous agent
2 Follow label directions
3 Wear personal protective equipment
4 Apply pesticides during the right environmental conditions
5 Spray only when you need to
6 Import and licensing
7 Proper transport/storage/distribution
8 Proper usage
9 Research and development
44
Q

Conventions

A

1 Basel convention

2 Rotterdam convention

54
Q

Potential health effects of pesticides

A

1 Depend on the type of pesticide
2 Organophosphates and carbamates affect the nervous system
3 Others may irritate the skin or eyes
4 They can also affect hormones in the body
5 Some pesticides may be carcinogens

55
Q

40 hazardous chemicals in Rotterdam Convention

A

1 25 pesticides
2 11 industrial chemicals
3 4 severely hazardous pesticide formulations

56
Q

Rotterdam Convention (2004)

A

The Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals in International Trade on 10 September 1998 by a Conference of Plenipotentiaries in Rotterdam, the Netherlands

57
Q

To regulate the control of export, import, and transit of hazardous wastes in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Basel Convention

A

The Hazardous Waste (Control of Export, Import, and Transit) Act and its Regulations (16 Mar 98)

58
Q

Basel Convention

A

Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements on Hazardous Wastes and their disposal (Basel Convention) in the control of export, import, and transport of hazardous wastes on 2 Jan 1996

59
Q

Routes of organophosphates

A

1 Skin
2 Lung
3 Oral

60
Q

Organophosphate poisoning

A

1 Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor
2 Narrow zone of toxic action
3 Water soluble

61
Q

Example of organophosphates

A

Malathione

62
Q

Examples of carbamates

A

1 Carbanyl
2 Aldicarb
3 Propoxur
4 Carbofuran

63
Q

Routes of carbamates

A

1 Dermal
2 Respiratory
3 Oral

64
Q

One of the best safety records

A

Pyrethrins and pyrethroids

65
Q

Affects nervous system

A

Pyrethrins and pyrethroids

66
Q

Pyrethrins and pyrethroids

A

1 Low concentrations
2 Low water solubility
3 Rapid metabolism

67
Q

Symptoms of poisoning similar to organophosphates

A

Carbamates

68
Q

Carbamates

A

1 Reversible cholinesterase inhibitor
2 Effects of day-to-day exposure do not accumulate
3 Blood AChE must be done within 4 hours of exposure to be useful

69
Q

Organophosphate (AChEI) poisoning mechanism

A

1 Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
2 Accumulation of acetylcholine (NT) at nerve synapses
3 Saturates ACh receptors
4 Overstimulates and later blocks further nerve impulse transmission

70
Q

Onset of acute OP poisoning

A

Prompt but may be delayed up to 12 hours

71
Q

Blood ChE in acute OP poisoning

A

Depressed by 50%

72
Q

Severe intoxication of acute OP poisoning

A

Coma

Death

73
Q

Symptoms of acute OP poisoning

A

1 Eyes: blurring, miosis (constriction)
2 Lungs: breathlessness, wheeze, pulmonary edema
3 GIT: nausea, vomiting, colic, diarrhea
4 CNS: giddiness, coma, fits, ataxia, paralysis, confusion, behavioral, weakness

74
Q

Miosis: constriction
______: dilation

A

Mydriasis

75
Q

Muscular stimulation of OP poisoning

A

Nicotinic effects

76
Q

Nicotinic effects of OP poisoning

A

1 Muscle fasciculations, cramping, weakness, diaphragmatic failure
2 Autonomic nicotinic effects include hypertension, tachycardia, mydriasis, pallor

77
Q

CNS effects of OP poisoning

A

Anxiety, emotional lability, restlessness, confusion, ataxia, tremors, seizures, coma

78
Q

Stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system

A

Muscarinic effects

79
Q

Muscarinic effects of OP poisoning

A

1 Salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, GI upset, emesis (SLUDGE)
2 Diaphoresis and diarrhea, urination, miosis, bradycardia, bronchospasm, bronchorrhea, emesis, excess lacrimation, salivation (DUMBELS)

80
Q

Muscarinic effects by organ systems

A

1 Cardiovascular: bradycardia, hypotension
2 Respiratory: rhinorrhea, bronchorrhea, bronchospasm, cough, severe respiratory distress
3 Gastrointestinal: hypersalivation, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, fecal incontinence
4 Genitourinary: incontinence
5 Ocular: blurred vision, miosis
6 Glands: increased lacrimation, diaphoresis

Environmental Health 3 (6 decks)

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