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Environmental Health 3 > Pesticides and Health > Flashcards

Pesticides and Health Flashcards

0
Q

Examples of pests

A 
1 Insects
2 Weeds
3 Fungi
4 Bacteria
5 Viruses
6 Mice
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1
Q

Pesticide

A

Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying or controlling any pests including vectors of human or animal disease

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2
Q

Pests

A

Living organisms that are not wanted/can cause damage to crops, humans or the environment

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3
Q

Where are pesticides used?

A

1 Forests to control insects and under-story vegetation
2 Landscapes, parks, and recreational areas to control weeds, insects, and disease pests
3 Along railroads and under electric wires to control vegetation
4 Houses, schools, and commercial and office buildings to control insects, rodents, and fungi
5 Boat hulls to control fouling organisms
6 Aquatic sites to control mosquitoes and weeds
7 Wood products to control wood-destroying organisms
8 Food preparation areas to control insects and rodents
9 Human skin to kill or repel insects
10 Household pets to control fleas and ticks
11 Livestock to control insects and other pests

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4
Q

Wood-destroying organisms

A

Termites

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5
Q

Pesticide exposure

A 
1 Occupational settings
2 Environmental-occupational interface
3 Environmental settings
4 Accidental ingestion
5 Suicide/homicide
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6
Q

Agriculture jobs

A

1 Orchard thinner
2 Mixer loader
3 Flagger
4 Picker

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7
Q

Pesticide exposure: Occupational settings

A

1 Multiple industries

2 Variety of workers

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8
Q

Multiple industries

A

1 Agriculture
2 Emergency response
3 Maintenance
4 Transportation

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9
Q

Variety of workers

A

1 Applicators, field workers
2 Firefighters
3 Medical personnel
4 Flight attendants

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10
Q

Pesticide exposure: Environmental-Occupational Interface

A

1 Drift

2 Take-home

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11
Q

Off-target physical movement of pesticide through air

A

Drift

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12
Q

Contaminate clothing

A

Take-home

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13
Q

Pesticide containers brought home

A

Take-home

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14
Q

Pesticide exposure: Environmental settings

A 
1 Use in schools
2 Lawn, garden use
3 Household cleaning
4 Home pesticide use
5 Residues in food
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15
Q

Agriculture pesticide applications

A 
1 Aerial
2 Air blast sprayer
3 Enclosed cab
4 Boom sprayer
5 Backpack wand
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16
Q

Example of prescription pesticide that resembles oral medications

A

Lindane

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17
Q

Pesticide exposure: Accidental ingestion

A

1 Improper storage or mislabeling of container

2 Prescription pesticides resembling oral medications

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18
Q

Pesticide exposure: Suicide/homicide

A

1 Unknown substance

2 Secondary exposure

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19
Q

Concerns regarding pesticide use

A

1 Environmental

2 Health

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20
Q

POPS

A

Persistent organic pollutants

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21
Q

Environmental concerns

A

1 Persistence in the environment

2 Bio-concentration up the food chain

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22
Q

Health concerns

A

1 Acute effects

2 Chronic effects

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23
Q

Author of Silent Spring (1962)

A

Rachel Carson

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24
Classification of pesticides
1 Types of pests 2 Chemical class 3 Toxicity
25
Hazard
Hazard = Exposure x Toxicity
26
How pesticides enter the body
Exposure
27
How poisonous the pesticide is
Toxicity
28
Relationship of toxicity and LD50
Inverse
29
Classification of pesticides according to types of pests
``` 1 Insecticides 2 Fungicides 3 Herbicides 4 Rodenticides 5 Molluscides ```
30
Chemical class classification of pesticides
1 Insecticides 2 Herbicides 3 Fungicides 4 Rodenticides
31
Chemical class: Insectides
``` 1 Organophosphorus 2 Carbamates 3 Organochlorines 4 Pyrethrins and pyrethroids 5 Arsenical compounds ```
32
Chemical class: Herbicides
``` 1 Chlorophenoxy compounds 2 Pentachlorophenol 3 Nitrophenolic/cresolic compounds 4 Paraquat 5 Diquat 6 Arsenical compounds ```
33
Fungicides
1 Substituted benzenes 2 Thiocarbamates 3 Ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamates 4 Organo-metallic compounds
34
Rodenticides
1 Inorganics 2 Coumarins/indandiones 3 Convulsants 4 Cholecalciferol
35
Routes of exposure of pesticides
1 Dermal 2 Inhalation 3 Ingestion
36
Factors affecting absorption
1 Liposolubility of chemical 2 Molecular weight 3 Electronic structure and dissociation constant 4 Nature of carrier, dilution factor, polar vs non-polar 5 Temperature
37
T or F. Low mw pass through better
T
38
T or F. Highly ionized pesticides are less likely to be absorbed.
T
39
T or F. Polar pesticides penetrate better
F. Non-polar penetrate better
40
Exposure prevention (general)
``` 1 Elimination 2 Substitution 3 Engineering 4 Administrative 5 PPE ```
41
Safe usage
``` 1 Selection of type and concentration 2 Training and education 3 Personal protective equipment 4 Good work practices 5 Good personal hygiene 6 Administrative measures 7 Medical surveillance ```
42
Examples of administrative measures
1 Job rotation 2 Medical surveillance 3 Health education
43
Exposure prevention (specific)
``` 1 Substitution of less hazardous agent 2 Follow label directions 3 Wear personal protective equipment 4 Apply pesticides during the right environmental conditions 5 Spray only when you need to 6 Import and licensing 7 Proper transport/storage/distribution 8 Proper usage 9 Research and development ```
44
Conventions
1 Basel convention | 2 Rotterdam convention
54
Potential health effects of pesticides
1 Depend on the type of pesticide 2 Organophosphates and carbamates affect the nervous system 3 Others may irritate the skin or eyes 4 They can also affect hormones in the body 5 Some pesticides may be carcinogens
55
40 hazardous chemicals in Rotterdam Convention
1 25 pesticides 2 11 industrial chemicals 3 4 severely hazardous pesticide formulations
56
Rotterdam Convention (2004)
The Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals in International Trade on 10 September 1998 by a Conference of Plenipotentiaries in Rotterdam, the Netherlands
57
To regulate the control of export, import, and transit of hazardous wastes in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Basel Convention
The Hazardous Waste (Control of Export, Import, and Transit) Act and its Regulations (16 Mar 98)
58
Basel Convention
Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements on Hazardous Wastes and their disposal (Basel Convention) in the control of export, import, and transport of hazardous wastes on 2 Jan 1996
59
Routes of organophosphates
1 Skin 2 Lung 3 Oral
60
Organophosphate poisoning
1 Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor 2 Narrow zone of toxic action 3 Water soluble
61
Example of organophosphates
Malathione
62
Examples of carbamates
1 Carbanyl 2 Aldicarb 3 Propoxur 4 Carbofuran
63
Routes of carbamates
1 Dermal 2 Respiratory 3 Oral
64
One of the best safety records
Pyrethrins and pyrethroids
65
Affects nervous system
Pyrethrins and pyrethroids
66
Pyrethrins and pyrethroids
1 Low concentrations 2 Low water solubility 3 Rapid metabolism
67
Symptoms of poisoning similar to organophosphates
Carbamates
68
Carbamates
1 Reversible cholinesterase inhibitor 2 Effects of day-to-day exposure do not accumulate 3 Blood AChE must be done within 4 hours of exposure to be useful
69
Organophosphate (AChEI) poisoning mechanism
1 Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase 2 Accumulation of acetylcholine (NT) at nerve synapses 3 Saturates ACh receptors 4 Overstimulates and later blocks further nerve impulse transmission
70
Onset of acute OP poisoning
Prompt but may be delayed up to 12 hours
71
Blood ChE in acute OP poisoning
Depressed by 50%
72
Severe intoxication of acute OP poisoning
Coma | Death
73
Symptoms of acute OP poisoning
1 Eyes: blurring, miosis (constriction) 2 Lungs: breathlessness, wheeze, pulmonary edema 3 GIT: nausea, vomiting, colic, diarrhea 4 CNS: giddiness, coma, fits, ataxia, paralysis, confusion, behavioral, weakness
74
Miosis: constriction ______: dilation
Mydriasis
75
Muscular stimulation of OP poisoning
Nicotinic effects
76
Nicotinic effects of OP poisoning
1 Muscle fasciculations, cramping, weakness, diaphragmatic failure 2 Autonomic nicotinic effects include hypertension, tachycardia, mydriasis, pallor
77
CNS effects of OP poisoning
Anxiety, emotional lability, restlessness, confusion, ataxia, tremors, seizures, coma
78
Stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system
Muscarinic effects
79
Muscarinic effects of OP poisoning
1 Salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, GI upset, emesis (SLUDGE) 2 Diaphoresis and diarrhea, urination, miosis, bradycardia, bronchospasm, bronchorrhea, emesis, excess lacrimation, salivation (DUMBELS)
80
Muscarinic effects by organ systems
1 Cardiovascular: bradycardia, hypotension 2 Respiratory: rhinorrhea, bronchorrhea, bronchospasm, cough, severe respiratory distress 3 Gastrointestinal: hypersalivation, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, fecal incontinence 4 Genitourinary: incontinence 5 Ocular: blurred vision, miosis 6 Glands: increased lacrimation, diaphoresis

Environmental Health 3 (6 decks)

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