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Environmental Health 3 > Introduction to Industrial Hygiene > Flashcards

Introduction to Industrial Hygiene Flashcards

0
Q

Other term for walkthrough

A

Initial field survey

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1
Q

Involves knowledge and understanding of the several types of workplace environmental stresses and its effects on the health of the workers

A

Anticipation of hazards

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2
Q

Types of safety hazards

A

1 Unsafe acts

2 Unsafe conditions

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3
Q

It is the likelihood that the harm from a particular hazard is not realized.

A

Safety

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4
Q

Examples of chemical hazards

A

1 Excessive airborne concentration of mists, vapors, gases or solide in the form of dusts and fumes

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5
Q

Classification of occupational hazards

A

1 Health hazards

2 Safety hazards

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6
Q

Types of health hazards

A

1 Chemical hazards
2 Physical hazards
3 Ergonomic hazards
4 Biological hazards

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7
Q

Requirements for the recognition of hazards

A

1 Materials
2 Operations
3 Processes
4 Conditions

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8
Q

Examples of physical hazards

A 
1 Excessive levels of non-ionizing radiation
2 Ionizing radiation
3 Noise
4 Vibration
5 Extremes of temperature
6 Extremes of pressure
7 Ventilation issues
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9
Q

Microorganisms or macroorganisms

A

Biological hazards

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11
Q

Improperly designed tools, work areas or work procedures and organizational issues in the workplace

A

Ergonomic hazards

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12
Q

Actual appreciation of the hazards in the workplace under investigation

A

Recognition of hazards

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13
Q

It is anything that has the potential to cause harm

A

Hazard

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14
Q

T or F. Scope of industrial hygiene activities encompass the cradle-to-grave concept

A

T

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15
Q

Combination of observation, interview, and measurement that permits a judgment to be made relative to the potential hazards and the adequacy of protection for the employees

A

Monitoring of hazards

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16
Q

Principles of Industrial Hygiene

A

1 Anticipation
2 Recognition
3 Evaluation
4 Control

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17
Q

Ways to recognize hazards

A

1 Walkthrough
2 Use of checklists
3 The Material Safety and Data Sheet

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18
Q

Recognition of hazards using senses except sense of taste

A

Walkthrough

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19
Q

What is industrial hygiene?

A

Science and art of anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those workplace environmental factors which may cause sickness, impaired health and well being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among citizens of the community

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21
Q

Major activity to recognize hazards

A

Walkthrough

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22
Q

Follows flow of materials into, through, and out of the facility

A

Walkthrough

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23
Q

Requirements for walkthrough

A

1 Should include non-product areas such as maintenance and other service operations
2 Should be conducted with the facility or process manager

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24
Q

Overall process or operation

A

1 Review storage of raw materials and finished products
2 List levels of physical agents normally present
3 List the background airborne concentration levels in the workroom that would usually be present as a function of time
4 List the conditions necessary for the agent to be released into the workroom atmosphere
5 Consider transport and disposal
6 Review electrical and fire safety

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25
Q

Industrial hygienist

A
  1. Scientists, engineers, and public health professionals committed to protecting the health of people in the workplace and in the community
  2. Must be competent in a variety of scientific fields
  3. Trained initially in one of the mentioned fields (chemistry, physics, engineering, biology, toxicology, occupational medicine)
  4. Sanitary inspectors who are practicing industrial hygiene in the community are not capable because they are not formally trained and equipment is lacking
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26
Q

Can extend beyond biological monitoring of individuals to incorporate screening of exposed populations for the adverse effects of those exposures

A

Medical surveillance

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27
Q

Prime source of information on the hazardous properties of chemical products

A

Material safety and data sheet

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28
Q

May irritate the skin or be absorbed and manifest systemic effects

A

Chemical hazards

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29
Q

Equipment

A

1 List the equipment that could release hazardous levels of physical agents during normal operations or abnormal situations
2 List process equipment with components that are likely to fail due to corrosion or leak of hazardous materials such as valves, pump packing, and tank vents
3 List the equipment that can produce hazardous concentrations of airborne contaminants and the control measures administered
4 Label all chemical containers, transport vessels, and piping systems
5 Ensure that all equipment can be correctly locked out and tagged out during necessary procedures

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31
Q

Determining the levels of physical and chemical agents arising out of a process to study the related work procedures

A

Evaluation of hazards

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32
Q

Specific information on the material safety and data sheet

A 
1 Name and address of the manufacturer
2 Hazardous ingredients
3 Physical and chemical characteristics
4 Fire and explosion hazard data
5 Reactivity data
6 Health hazards
7 Safe handling and use
8 Control measures
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33
Q

Used to establish usual background concentrations for chemicals that are ubiquitous in the environment

A

Area monitoring

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34
Q

Requires a literature review of the industry in question or the type of operation being done

A

Anticipation of hazards

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35
Q

Where is the measurement device placed in area monitoring?

A

Adjacent to a worker’s normal workstation

36
Q

Includes hazard recognition and work practices specific to employee’s job

A

Administrative

37
Q

Requires provision of material safety and data sheet by all chemical manufacturers and importers

A

OSHA Hazard Communication Standard

38
Q

Where is the measurement device placed in personal monitoring?

A

As close as possible to the contaminants’ route of entry

39
Q

It is the likelihood that the harm from a particular hazard is realized

A

Risk

40
Q

Other term for area monitoring

A

Environmental monitoring

41
Q

Measurement device in monitoring hazards

A

Dosimeter

43
Q

Three categories of biological monitoring

A

1 Measurement of the contaminant itself
2 Measurement of a metabolite of the chemical
3 Measurement of enzymes or functions that reflect harm caused by a hazardous exposure

44
Q

Characterization of the hazard exposure

A

1 Intensity
2 Duration and frequency
3 Comparison with regulatory (DOLE), professional (ACGIH), and internal standards (company standards)

45
Q

Function of biological monitoring

A

Used to assess workers’ total exposure to chemicals to provide information about the impact of workplace hazards on health

46
Q

Instruments in sampling

A

1 Light meter
2 Anemometer
3 Thermometer
4 Detector tube

47
Q

Worn by employees to protect them from their environment and surrounding hazards

A

Personal Protective Equipment

48
Q

For wind speed and ventilation issues

A

Anemometer

49
Q

Primarily physical examination

A

Medical surveillance

50
Q

Exposure is measured in terms of the ambient air concentration of a particular substance in a given area at a given period of time

A

Area monitoring

51
Q

Functions of industrial hygiene

A

1 Direct the industrial hygiene program
2 Examine the work environment
3 Interpret results of the examination of the environment and present specific conclusions to appropriate parties
4 Make specific decisions as to the need for or effectiveness of control measures and, when necessary, advise suitable and effective procedures
5 Prepare rules, regulations, standards, and procedures for the healthful conduct of work and the prevention of nuisance in the community
6 Present expert testimony
7 Prepare appropriate text for labels and precautionary information for materials and products to be used by workers and the public
8 Conduct programs for the education of workers and the public in the prevention of occupational disease and community nuisance
9 Conduct epidemiological studies of workers and industries to discover the presence of occupational disease and establish or improve Threshold Limit Values or standards for the maintenance of health and efficiency
10 Conduct research to advance knowledge concerning the effects of occupation on health and means of preventing occupational health impairment, community air pollution, noise, nuisance and related problems

51
Q

Measurement of a particular employee’s exposure to airborne contaminants and, in theory, reflects actual exposure to the employee

A

Personal monitoring

53
Q

Checklist

A

1 Overall process or operation
2 Equipment
3 Cleaning methods

53
Q

Approaches of sampling

A

1 Measuring the worst case

2 Capturing the typical conditions

54
Q

What is short-term exposure limit?

A

It is the concentration to which it is believed workers can be exposed continuously for a short period of time without suffering from
1 Irritation
2 Chronic or irreversible tissue damage
3 Narcosis of sufficient degree

55
Q

Use of a light meter

A

Illumination

56
Q

Methods of control

A 
1 Elimination
2 Substitution
3 Engineering
4 Administrative
5 Personal Protective Equipment
57
Q

What does sampling determine?

A

1 Intensity of exposure
2 Source of the hazards
3 Adequacy of controls

58
Q

Indications for PPE use

A

1 Emergencies

2 Engineering and administrative controls are not yet present

59
Q

For chemical agents

A

Detector tube

60
Q

Considerations in sampling

A

1 Sources of error
2 Desired precision and accuracy of measurements
3 Degree of confidence needed for interpretation of results

4 What and how to sample
5 Where to sample
6 Whom to sample
7 When to sample
8 How long to sample
9 What to note during sampling
10 How many samples to take
11 When to stop monitoring
12 Who should conduct sampling
60
Q

Categories of threshold limit values

A

1 Time-Weighted Average (TLV-tpTWA)
2 Short-term exposure limit (TLV-STEL)
3 Ceiling (TLV-C)

61
Q

Other limit values by ACGIH

A

1 Limits of physical agents

2 Biological exposure indices

62
Q

What is control?

A

Reduction of the environmental stresses to values that the worker can tolerate without impairment of health or productivity

62
Q

Examples of administrative method of control

A

1 Scheduling
2 Reduced work time in contaminated areas
3 Good work practices
4 Employee training

64
Q

Application of substitution, isolation or ventilation

A

Engineering

65
Q

What is time-weighted average?

A

Concentration for a conventional eight-hour workday and 40-hour workweek to which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effects

66
Q

Why is PPE not the recommended control?

A

1 Costly

2 Exposure is still present

67
Q

Methods of control at Zone 1

A

1 Substitution with a less harmful material
2 Change of process (airless paint spraying)
3 Enclosure of process (glove-box)
4 Isolation of process (space or time)
5 Wet methods (hydroblast)
6 Local exhaust ventilation (capture at source)
7 Adequate maintenance program

68
Q

Ideal set-up

A

Elimination

69
Q

Opportunities for control

A

Zones
1
2
3

70
Q

Exposure guidelines established for airborne concentrations of many chemical compounds

A

ACGIH TLV

71
Q

Generalized diagram of methods of control

A

(Review)

72
Q

Zone 1

A

Source

74
Q

Zone 3

A

Receiver

75
Q

Zone 2

A

Transmission

75
Q

Methods of control at air path

A

1 Housekeeping
2 General exhaust ventilation (roof fans)
3 Dilution ventilation (supplied air)
4 Increase distance between source and receiver (semi-automatic or remote control)
5 Continuous area monitoring (pre-set alarms)
6 Adequate maintenance program

76
Q

Threshold limit values

A

1 For some substances, only one category is significant
2 For other substances, two or three categories may be relevant depending on their physiological action
3 If any of these three is exceeded, a potential hazard from that substance is presumed to exist

77
Q

ACGIH

A

American Conference Governmental Industrial Hygienists

78
Q

Other information on material safety and data sheet

A

Labeling
Transport
Toxicity
Regulatory requirements

78
Q

Monitoring that determines measures specific to the employee

A

Personal monitoring

78
Q

Category for irritant gases

A

TLV-C

78
Q

Concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure

A

Ceiling (TLV-C)

80
Q

Control at the receiver

A 
1 Training and education
2 Rotation of workers
3 Enclosure of workers
4 Personal monitoring devices
5 Personal protective devices
6 Adequate maintenance program

Environmental Health 3 (6 decks)

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