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Insect Bio > Pest Management > Flashcards

Pest Management Flashcards

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1
Q

define pest

A

it is defined by a human perspective: how they negatively affect humans

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2
Q

define economic theshold

A

threshold where action is needed to for the damage to stop

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3
Q

define Economic injury level

A

lowest population density of a pest that will cause economic damage

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4
Q

how can an insect be a pest

A
  • Disease vectors
  • Economic harm to agriculture
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5
Q

What makes some insects a pest?

A
  • Vectors a crop disease
  • Host switching
  • Introduction from outside native range
  • Agriculture itself
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6
Q

what makes some insects a pest - host switching

A

native insect moves from original host to crop plant

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7
Q

what makes some insects a pest - introduction from outside native range

A

now free from natural enemies and competitors

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8
Q

what makes some insects a pest - agriculture itself

A
  • pests within agriculture is much worse by large monocultures
  • Anything that can thrive on crop will do so at massive scale
  • Lack of diversity reduces natural enemies and competitors
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9
Q

what is an insecticide

A

apply chemicals that kill insects

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10
Q

problems with insecticide

A
  • Genetic resistance
  • Kills natural enemies
  • Release secondary pests
  • Environmental damage
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11
Q

problems with insecticide - genetic resistance

A

Large population and short generation times = high resistance potential

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12
Q

problems with insecticide: genetic resistance - how to avoid

A
  • Maintain untreated field as reservoir of non-resistant insects to swamp resistant gene flow
  • Use judiciously. Non-continuous selection for resistance
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13
Q

problems with insecticide: how to avoid genetic resistance - untreated field as reservoir

A
  • If you treat all fields, the only insects that survive have resistance
  • Allowing a non-resistant population to live, they will go to the other field and will be able to die from the pesticide
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14
Q

problems with insecticide: how to avoid genetic resistance - use judiciously

A

Only use when you absolutely have to so there not a continuous selection for resistance

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15
Q

problems with insecticide - Kills natural enemies

A
  • example of a multi-trophic interactions
  • Broad-spectrum insecticides also kill the predators and parasitoids of the hosts
  • Thus, after short-term decline, insecticide application may help the pest
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16
Q

problems with insecticide - Release secondary pests

A
  • example of multi-trophic interactions
  • Minor pests may expand population in the absence of target pests
17
Q

problems with insecticide - environmental damage

A
  • Includes killing pollinators and other ‘beneficial’ insects
  • Contaminating soil
  • Damaging human health
18
Q

what are other ways to fight pests (not using insecticide)

A
  • Biological control
  • pheromone control
  • sterile insect technique
19
Q

explain Biological control

A

Using natural enemies (parasitoids and predators of the pest)

20
Q

biological control - what are the problems

A
  • May not be able to rear or introduce enemies
  • Enemies may not affect pest populations
  • May backfire: enemies may attack other native insects, not the hosts
21
Q

biological control - what is an example of a successful biocontrol

A
  • Cottony-cushion scale
  • it is a Hemiptera that attacks citrus
22
Q

biological control: successful example - cottony-cushion scale

A
  • Pest came from Australia
  • imported beetle predator and Diptera parasitoid from Australia
23
Q

biological control - what are some examples of failures

A
  • Gypsy moth
  • Hawaiian Lepidoptera
24
Q

explain pheromone control

A

Use pheromones to:
- Disrupt mating
- Attract to mass traps
- Monitor populations

25
Q

pheromone control - benefits

A
  • Targeted; not killing natural enemies and beneficial insects
  • No environmental damage of insecticides
26
Q

pheromone control - problems

A
  • Only works on chemical-based mate attraction systems
  • Need to know chemistry of pheromones
  • May be expensive to synthesize
27
Q

pheromone control - Palm Weevil

A
  • Bait insects into a trap
  • Have a bucket filled with liquid and they bait it with pheromone
  • When the insects come to mate, they instead go into the trap bucket
  • After trapping, the numbers decrease (not all are dead – Just lower it below the economic threshold)
28
Q

explain sterile insect technique

A
  • Sublethal (radiate enough for sterilization but not enough to kill them) dose of irradiation to reared insects
  • Males sterilized but still able to mate
  • Native population swamped with sterile males
  • Wild female mated with sterile males lay no eggs
  • Population crashes
29
Q

sterile insect technique - what assumptions are made

A
  • All males successfully sterilized
  • Mating ability of makes not compromised
  • Wild females mate only once
  • Wild females cannot detect sterilized males
30
Q

sterile insect technique - Screwworm fly

A
  • Cattle industry caused ecological disruption: displacement of native hosts and introduction of cattle caused insect to switch host
  • Insects switched hosts (from wild animals), population explosion on domestic cattle
31
Q

Modern sterile insect technique

A
  • genetically engineer males to produce offspring that die before adulthood
  • Biggest problem is social acceptance – ppl freak out with genetic engineering
32
Q

what is Integrated pest management (PMI)

A
  • Integrate multiple approaches to pest management
  • Accept that pests will be there, but manage them to keep them below economically harmful levels
  • More a mindset than a specific method. Generally, try to minimize chemical pesticides in order to preserve their effectiveness
  • Strong emphasis on monitoring populations – only spray if outbreak is imminent
  • Requires coordinated action with other famers

Insect Bio (26 decks)

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