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Insect Bio > Orthopteroid insects > Flashcards

Orthopteroid insects Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are Orthoptrtoids

A
  • Incomplete metamorphosis (Hemimetabolous)
  • Generalized biting/chewing mouthparts
  • Generally, herbivores (but mantids are consummate predators, termites/isoptera are consummate decomposers
  • Many have leathery forewings (but not Isoptera, Phasmotodea)
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2
Q

order: Orthoptera

A
  • grasshopper, katydids, and crickets
  • Forewings thickened and leathery; hindwings used more for flight
  • Generalist herbivores
  • Many communicate with sound
  • Hind legs often modified for jumping
  • Most species solitary; occasionally form feeding swarms that are important pests (migratory locusts)
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3
Q

orthoptera - what are locusts

A
  • refers to multiple species of grasshopper (Acrididae, Orthoptera) that form swarms
  • can be solitary or gregarious (swarms)
  • Solitary form is just a regular grasshopper
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3
Q

orthoptera: locusts - adults

A

the swarms take flight; can travel hundreds or thousands of miles – completely defoliate everything in their path

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4
Q

orthoptera: locusts - nymphs

A

gregarious forms aggregate in huge swarms, march across landscape devouring plants

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5
Q

orthoptera: locusts - What determines which ‘phase’ (form) locusts develop into?

A

overcrowding

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6
Q

orthoptera: locusts - how does overcrowding determine locust form

A

Chemical (pheromone) and tactile stimulation of overcrowding cause brain to secrete hormones, especially serotonin, that stimulate physiological and behavioral changes of gregarious form

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7
Q

orthoptera: locusts - how does overcrowding start

A
  • favorable conditions cause population increase that leads to overcrowding, and swarm outbreak
  • In other times, the locusts persist in the solitary form in suitable habitat
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8
Q

orrthoptera: locusts - Imagine you could somehow kill every locust in a large swarm. Would there still be swarms in future years? Why or why not?

A

No, bc locusts have a source population that are solitary until overcrowding so in order to stop swarms you have to eliminate the source population

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9
Q

order: Blattodea

A
  • cockroaches
  • have Ootheca
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10
Q

Blattodea - define ootheca

A
  • egg cases
  • Many species carry them around, provide form of parental care
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11
Q

Are termites derived from roaches?

A
  • yes
  • Cryptocercus (wood roaches) are sister to Isoptera (the termites)
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12
Q

are termites derived from roaches - problem

A
  • if you want to include all of the roaches you have to include termites
  • Putting roaches and termites as separate groups is paraphyletic
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13
Q

order: Cryptocercus

A
  • wood roaches
  • Wingless
  • Have parental care, live with offspring
  • Have gut microorganisms for digesting cellulose (wood). Same one as termites
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14
Q

order: Isoptera

A
  • Termites
  • Treated as own order, despite being part of Blattodea
  • Digest cellulose with aid of microorganisms
  • Social
  • Polymorphism
  • Wings for dispersal, but then dropped
  • May build intricate nests
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15
Q

order: Isoptera - social

A

colony size from hundreds to millions

16
Q

order: Isoptera - polymorphism

A
  • large queen (egg laying slave?)
  • Queen is egg-laying machine, sometimes grotesquely so
  • Tergites of the queen don’t touch bc they are so expanded
  • Soldiers often have modified heads for defense
17
Q

order: isoptera - life cycle

A
  • Incomplete metamorphosis
  • winged queen disperses and find a mate then drop wings
  • after mating, find a nest and queen lays eggs
  • eggs develop into nymphs
  • nymphs may become soldiers, workers, or a reproductive (get wings and start process all over again)
18
Q

order: isoptera - intricate nests

A

Nest in wood, mound nests in soil (with ventilation tubes exposed), or built of mud and feces in trees

19
Q

order: Mantodea

A
  • praying mantis
  • Raptorial forelegs for grasping prey. Ambush predators, excellent eyesight
  • Sexual cannibalism in some species/circumstances
  • Make papery ootheca glued to plants. Nymphs overwinter there
  • Some old-world species brightly colored for crypsis in flowers
20
Q

order: Phasmatodea

A
  • walking sticks and leaf insects
  • Walking sticks here; old world also has leaf insects
  • Herbivores
  • Wingless
  • Best known for their crypsis
21
Q

order: Dermptera

A
  • earwings
  • Short wing covers or wingless
  • “Pincers” are modified cerci, used by males to fight each other
  • Herbivores or scavengers, harmless to humans
  • Female care of egg clutches in subterranean ‘nests’
  • Female ‘licks’ eggs continuously during development to prevent fungus from attacking egg

Insect Bio (26 decks)

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