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Insect Bio > Internal morphology and physiology > Flashcards

Internal morphology and physiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

explain insect gas exchange

A
  • Not pigment based, nor in blood like us
  • they use ‘passive diffusion’
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2
Q

gas exchange - ‘passive diffusion’

A
  • as in no active transport across membrane
  • But air is actively moved around body to enhance diffusion
  • uses much less water than human lungs
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3
Q

gas exchange - How do they get air through the exoskeleton

A

Spiracle

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4
Q

gas exchange - How to get air to the body?

A
  • Trachea
  • air sac
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5
Q

gas exchange - what is the spiracle

A
  • it is an opening for air in the cuticle
  • it can close to prevent water loss when heat stressed
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6
Q

gas exchange - what is the trachea

A
  • a tube that come out of the spiracles and is used to transport air
  • branches into tracheoles
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7
Q

gas exchange - what is the tracheoles

A

little branching tubes used for diffusion

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8
Q

gas exchange - what is the air sac

A
  • flexible area, used for regulating air flow
  • Not all have it, but most flying insects do
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9
Q

gas exchange - how does the air sac work

A
  • Can be ballooned up or squeezed down
  • insects use muscles to actively push air through their body to increase rate of diffusion
  • Take old air out, bring new air in
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10
Q

gas exchange - very small insects

A
  • all have closed systems
  • can have two types of ventilation: passive and active
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11
Q

gas exchange: very small insects - closed systems

A
  • no spiracles
  • some have gills to exchange with water
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12
Q

gas exchange: very small insects - passive ventilation

A

insects just sit there and let air go through the exoskeleton

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13
Q

gas exchange: very small insects - active ventilation

A

pump body to move air around

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14
Q

gas exchange - active ventilation in flying insects

A

Air sacs coordinate to bring air in via thoracic spiracles, ‘exhale’ CO2 through abdominal ones

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15
Q

gas exchange - problems with passive diffusion

A
  • it limits size
  • if they were big, it is inefficient to travel more than a few mm
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16
Q

gas exchange - why could ancient (carboniferous) large insects survive

A

they could survive because there was more O2 and denser air

17
Q

explain circulation in insects

A
  • Insects do not have hemoglobin, instead they have hemolymph
  • circulation plays no role in O2 transport
18
Q

circulation - define hemolymph

A

combines blood + lymph functions

19
Q

circulation - define Open system (semi-open)

A

Hemolymph disperses everywhere unlike humans who have veins (open part) but it also has the dorsal vessel (closed part)

20
Q

circulation - define Dorsal vessel (“heart”)

A
  • Long muscular tube that pumps hemolymph from abdomen to head
  • Hemolymph goes through vessel towards the head and ‘pumps’ out and disperses throughout the body
21
Q

explain the excretion system in insects

A
  • they use the Malpighian tubules – analog to kidneys
  • Look like spaghetti noodles
22
Q

excretion system - what do dry climate insects do

A

they have adaptations to reabsorb water before excretion

23
Q

excretion system - what do aquatic insects do

A

they need to concentrate nutrients and expel water (often involves gut adaptations rather than Malpighian tubules)

24
Q

excretion system - what do the Malpighian tubules do

A
  • it concentrates waste (like kidneys), put it into hind gut
  • Used to process nitrogenous waste
  • Rectum is last chance to get water out, useful ions before excretion
25
Q

explain the female reproductive system in insects

A
  • Have paired ovaries with ovarioles which can have eggs in them
  • most insects have spermetheca
26
Q

female reproductive system - spermetheca

A
  • organ that can store sperm
  • in extreme cases, an insect can store for years (e.g., social insect queen)
27
Q

female reproductive system: spermetheca - example

A

Honeybee queen – huge ovaries and spermetheca

28
Q

reproductive system - define oviparity

A
  • egg-laying
  • vast majority of insects
29
Q

reproductive system - define viviparity

A
  • live birth
  • female lays larvae

Insect Bio (26 decks)

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