Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology GRE > Personality Psychology > Flashcards

Personality Psychology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GRE® Vocabulary flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is the id?

A

Reservoir of all psychic energy and consists of everything psychological that’s present at birth; functions according to the pleasure principle (opposite of delayed gratification); imagining what the body wants = wish fulfillment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the ego?

A

operates according to the reality principle (called secondary process); the aim of the reality principle is to postpone the pleasure principle until the actual object that will satisfy the need has been discovered or produced; interrupts the id, but in the service of the id; their interaction encourages the growth of perception, memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the superego?

A

not directly in touch with reality (like id) but strives for the ideal rather than the real

a. conscience: whatever a child is punished for is incorporated here
b. ego-ideal: whatever a child is rewarded for is incorporated here

Ultimately, a system of right and wrong is subbed for parents’ reward/punishment system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are instincts according to Freud?

A

Instinct: an innate psychological representation (wish) of a bodily (biological) excitation (need)

Instincts are the propelling aspects of Freud’s dynamic theory of personality

Two types of instincts: life (Eros) and death (Thanatos)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are defense mechanisms according to Freud?

A
  • The ego’s recourse to releasing excessive pressure due to anxiety is referred to as defense mechanisms: all deny, falsify, or distort reality; and all operate subconsciously
    1. repression
    2. suppression
    3. projection
    4. reaction formation
    5. rationalization
    6. regression
    7. sublimation
    8. displacement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was Carl Jung’s theory of personality?

A

psycholoanalytic + interpersonal, sociological and cultural influences

ego = conscious mind;
ego – personal unconscious (painful or threatening memories) + collective unconscious (archetypes; explain similarities between cultures)

major archetypes:

  1. Persona: mask
  2. Anima: feminine
  3. Animus: masculine
  4. Shadow

Distinguished between two major personality orientations:

  1. introversion
  2. extroversion

Four psychological functions:

  1. thinking
  2. feeling
  3. sensing
  4. intuiting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What was Alfred Adler’s theory of personality?

A

downplayed the importance of the unconscious and focused on the role of the ego

believed people motivated by fear of failure and desire to be superior to others; coined the term “inferiority complex”

also known for his work about the importance of birth order in shaping personality

creative self and style of life enable individuals to developed their uniqueness; family environment crucial for this; coined the term lifestyle

fictional finalism: individuals motivated ore by expectations of future than data from past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What was Karen Horney’s theory of personality?

A

believed that the neurotic personality is governed by one of ten needs; ex: need for affection/approval; exploit others; self-sufficiency/independence

difference between healthy and neurotic:

  1. disproportionate in intensity
  2. indiscriminate in application
  3. partially disregard reality
  4. tendency to provoke anxiety

child seeks to overcome anxiety and achieve basic security

  1. move toward others to obtain good will of those who provide security
  2. moving against others to achieve the upper hand
  3. moving away/withdrawing

basic concept: primary anxiety; strategies carry over into adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What was Anna Freud’s contribution to psychology?

A

extended Freud’s theories through work with children

augmented understandings of defense mechanisms

considered founder of ego psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the behaviorist’s theory of personality?

A

the reinforcement contingencies to which one is exposed creates one’s personality; by changing the environment, can change personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the social-cognitive theory of personality?

A

Meld behaviorism and cognitive psychology; personality is created by an interaction between the person (traits), the environment, and the person’s behavior: triadic reciprocality/reciprocal determinism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the theory of triadic reciprocality/reciprocal determinism?

A

personality is created by an interaction between the person (traits), the environment, and the person’s behavior

Bandura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Learning occurs not only by having behavior enforced (Skinner), but also by having others’ behavior enforced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the main approach of cognitive behavioral therapy?

A

tries to change/restructure distorted/irrational thoughts; do not believe symptom relief is adequate therapy; new symptoms will develop to replace old ones: called symptom substitution (ex: replacing alcohol with exercise)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the theory of hierarchy of needs?

A

People strive for higher-level needs only when lower-level needs are met; Highest order: self-actualization – more likely to have peak experiences – profound experiences with lasting impacts (compare with Levine)

Maslow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Kay Deaux

A

found that women’s successes at stereotypical “male” tasks are attributed to luck, while men’s successes are attributed to skill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sandra Bem

A

studied androgeny; created that Bem Sex Role Inventory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Matina Horner

A

suggested that females shunned masculine-type successes not because of fear of failure or lack of interested, but because they feared success and its negative repercussions, such as resentment and rejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Alice Eagly

A

found an interaction between gender and social status with regard to how easily an individual might be influence or swayed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Eleanor Macoby and Carol Jacklin

A

scrutinized studies of sex differences and found that relatively few existed that could not be explained away by simple social learning; most consistent difference: women – verbal; men – spatial/visual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman

A

studied Type A personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Grant Dahlstrom

A

linked Type A to heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Barnum effect

A

tendency to agree with and accept personality interpretations that are provided

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hans Eyesneck

A

phlegmatic; melancholic; choleric; sanguine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Henry Murray

A

developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT); consists of ambiguous story cards; tell story; project their own “needs”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Objective personality inventories:

A

o Objective tests do not allow subjects to make up their own answers
• Structure: often seen as more objectively scored than projective tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Q-sort or Q-measure: technique of sorting cards into a normal distribution

A

Each card is a statement about personality
One side: not at all like me
Other: very much like me
Center: neutral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

550 true/false/not sure

Able to discriminate between different disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

California Personality Inventory (CPI)

A

Used for more “normal” less clinical groups than MMPI

30
Q

Myers-Briggs

A
  • Introverted vs. Extroverted
  • Sensing vs. Intuition
  • Feeling vs. Thinking
  • Judgment vs. Perception
31
Q

Julian Rotter

A

• Internal Locus of Control Scale

32
Q

Projective personality test

A

Projective tests allow the subject to create his own answer, thus facilitating the expression of conflicts, needs, impulses
Content interpreted by test administrator

33
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

31 cards – 30 with scenarios; 1 blank
Subject – story
Project needs; for example, nACH

34
Q

Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study

A

Cartoons – 1 person frustrating another – subject describes how the frustrated person responds

35
Q

Zajonc

A

Birth order

36
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud: desire to gain insight into repressed matieral so energy could be freed up/used elsewhere

1. hypnosis
2. free association
3. dream interpretation 
4. transference (countertransference)
37
Q

Behaviorism

A

behavior is learned as people interact with the environment
• rather than focus on unconscious, look at behavior patters
• John Dollard
• Neal Miller
• B.F. Skinner
• the reinforcement contingencies to which one is exposed creates one’s personality
• by changing the environment, can change personality
• -Radical behaviorists criticized for not recognizing the importance of cognition

38
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A
  • tries to change/restructure distorted/irrational thoughts
  • Beck
  • Ellis
  • do not believe symptom relief is adequate therapy
  • new symptoms will develop to replace old ones: called symptom substitution (ex: replacing alcohol with exercise)
39
Q

Kurt Lewin

A

Field therapy: personality is always changing
Divided personality into every changing systems
Under optimal conditions – well integrated
Under stress – articulation between various regions is diffused

40
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

hierarchy of needs
People strive for higher-level needs only when lower-level needs are met
Highest order: self-actualization – more likely to have peak experiences – profound experiences with lasting impacts (compare with Levine)

41
Q

George Kelly

A

set aside traditional ideas re: motivation, drive, unconscious, emotions, and reinforcement
Instead: individual as scientist – devise and test predictions about the behavior of significant people in our lives
Anxious person: has trouble doing this
Psychotherapy helps to develop this capacity
In their attempt to understand the world, people develop their own personal constructs; use these constructs to evaluate the world; pairs of opposites: fair/unfair; smart/dumb/exciting/dull
People’s behavior determines how they interpret the world

42
Q

Humanism-Phenomenonological - name 3

A

Kurt Lewin
Abraham Maslow
George Kelly

43
Q

Human-Existential

A

emphasize the process of finding meaning in one’s life by making one’s own choices

mental disorders stem from alienation, depersonalization, loneliness, lack of meaningful existence

44
Q

Carl Rogers

A

client-centered therapy/person-centered therapy/nondirective therapy
Unconditional positive regard
People not slaves to unconscious (psychoanalysts) nor subject to faulty learning (behaviorists)

45
Q

Victor Frankl

A

survivor of Nazi concentration camps

Mental illness stems from meaningless life

46
Q

Type theorists

A

attempt to characterized people according to specific types of personality

47
Q

Trait theorists

A

attempt to ascertain the fundamental dimensions of personality

48
Q

Nomothetic Approach

A

trait theories

same basic set of characteristics can be used to describe all people’s personalities

Cattel
Eysenck
Costa & McCrae

49
Q

Raymond Cattell

A
  • identified 16 different traits to account for the underlying factors that determine personality
50
Q

Hans Eysenck

A
  • tried to use scientific methodology to test Jung’s division of introversion/extroversion
  • “Confirmed”
    1. introversion vs. extroversion
    2. emotional stability vs. neuroticism
    3. psychoticism
51
Q

Paul Costa and Robert McCrae

A

big 5

  1. Openness to experience
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Emotional stability (or neuroticism)
  4. Agreeableness
  5. iNtroversion/extroversion
52
Q

Factor Analysis

A

Trait theorists use factor analysis to find correlations (ex: punctuality, diligence, neatness correlate together – cluster as “conscientiousness”

53
Q

Idiographic Approach

A

Trait theories

impossible to use the same set of terms for all people; each person needs to be seen in terms of which few traits characterize his/her unique self

54
Q

Gordon Allport

A

listed 3 basic types of traits or dispositions

  1. cardinal – organize life around (only some)
  2. central – major characteristics (everyone)
  3. secondary – limited (everyone)

functional autonomy: a given activity or form of behavior may become an end/goal itself; allows for many types of motives

distinguished between idiographic approach to personality and nomothetic

  1. idiographic (morphogenic): case studies
  2. nomothetic (dimensional): commonalities among groups

Allport thought we should pursue idiographic and avoid nomothetic

55
Q

David McClelland

A

identified a personality trait referred to as the need for achievement (nAch)
Avoid high risk (fear of failure) and low risks (no achievement)
Stop striving toward goals if outcome seems unlikely

56
Q

Herman Witkin

A
  • Field independence: capacity to make specific responses to perceived specific stimuli

Field dependence: more diffuse response to a perceived mass of somewhat undifferentiated stimuli

Classified people according to their degree of field dependence
Ex: people who are field dependent will be more influenced by opinions of others

57
Q

Julian Rotter

A
  • Internal locus of control: believe that they can control their own destiny

External locus of control: situational influence – luck or task ease used to explain success

58
Q

Sandra Bem

A

Androgyny

Masculine and feminine must be distinct if someone can have both

59
Q

Walter Mischel

A

Criticized explaining personality via type/trait

Believed human behavior largely determined by the power of the situation (Stanford Prison Experiment)

60
Q

Psychic Determinism

A

pathological behavior, dreams, and unconscious behavior are all symptoms of underlying, unresolved conflict, which are manifested when the ego does not find acceptable ways to express conflict

61
Q

Abreaction

A

Another word for catharsis; discharge of repressed emotion

62
Q

Undoing

A

performing an often ritualistic activity in order to relieve anxiety about unconscious drives

63
Q

Dreams (Frued)

A

manifest content (the actual content of the dream); latent content (the unconscious forces the dreams are trying to express)

64
Q

Screen memory

A

memories that serve as representations of important childhood experiences

65
Q

Aaron Beck

A

Beck Depression Inventory (Aaron beck): most frequently used as a research tool to determine the number of depressive symptoms a particular person has

Maladaptive cognitions: lead to abnormal behavior or disturbed affect
•	Arbitrary inference (no evidence)
•	Overgeneralization (forever)
•	Magnifying/minimizing
•	Personalizing (all my fault)
•	Dichotomous thinking (black-or-white)

Criticisms: removing the symptoms (maladaptive cognitions) may not cure the problem

66
Q

Albert Ellis

A

rational-emotive theory (thing Cites does – argue with yourself, etc.)
o Activating event
o Belief about event
o Consequences
o Directive therapy leads to disputing irrational beliefs
o Effective rational beliefs = goal

67
Q

Rollo May

A

contributer to existential therapy (along with Frankl)

68
Q

Melanie Klein

A

pioneered object-relations therapy with children

69
Q

Third force

A

• Humanistic therapy also called “third force” in response to psychoanalysis and behavioralism

70
Q

Stress-inoculation training

A

developed by Donald Meichenbaum – prepares people for foreseeable stressors

71
Q

Neil Miller

A

proved experimentally that abnormal behavior can be learned

Psychology GRE (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions