Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology GRE > Important Psychologists > Flashcards

Important Psychologists Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GRE® Vocabulary flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Socrates

A

first to ponder abstractly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Plato

A

truth beyond physical world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Aristotle

A

truth in physical world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Rene Descartes

A

I think, therefore I am. Mind is separate from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

John Locke

A

Upon entering the world, mind is tabula rasa (blank slate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Humans = machines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Kant

A

responds to Hobbes: our minds are active, not passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Anton Mesmer

A

hypnotism (mesmerized)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Franz Joseph Gall

A

phrenology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Reproductive fitness: number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce; Animals will act to increase their reproductive fitness; If decreases reproductive fitness, called altruism

Theory of kin: suggests that animals act to increase their inclusive fitness rather than their reproductive fitness

Actions take into account number offspring plus number relatives who survive to reproductive age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sir Frances Galton

A

first to use stats; created correlational coefficient; eugenics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

first experiment with mathematical conclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Johannes Muller

A

postulated existence of specific “nerve energies”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

student of Muller; founder of psych; first official laboratory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

father of psychology of adaptation; different races elevated because of number of associations their brains could make

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

William James

A

father of experimental psych; stream of consciousness; functionalist (contrasted with structuralist ideas of discrete conscious elements)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hermann von Helholtz

A

natural scientist who studied sensation; work with hearing and color vision is foundation for modern perception research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stanley Hall

A

American’s first PhD in Psych from Harvard; founded APA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

John Dewey

A

work was foundation of functionalism; attempted to synthesize psychology and philosophy; reflex arc: animals are not responding to discrete stimuli; constantly adapting to their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Edward Titchener

A

founder of structrualism; focused on an analysis of human consciousness; attempted to objectively describe discrete sensations; method dissolved after his death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

James Cattell

A

studied with Hall; thought psych should be more scientific; opened labs at Penn and Columbia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

1Dorothea Lynde Dix

A

spearheaded 19th century movement to provide better care for mentally ill through hospitalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pavlov

A

classical conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

John B. Watson

A

behavioralism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Thorndike

A

law of effect; precursor to operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Skinner

A

operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Wertheimer/Kohler/Koffka

A

Gestalt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Adler

A

colleague of Freud; eventually broke to create own individual psychology; motivated by inferiority; choleric (dominant)/phlegmatic (dependent)/melancholic (withdrawn)/sanguine (healthy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Carl Jung

A

Freud’s most beloved student; believed too much emphasis on libido; collective unconscious; archetypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Clark Hull

A

mechanistic behavioral ideas; performance = drive x habit; we do what we need to do and we do what has worked best in the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

ethology/imprinting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Carl Rogers

A

client-centered therapy; humanistic; unconditional positive regard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Maslow

A

hierarchy of needs; humanistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Victor Frankl

A

existential psychology; logotherapy – focuses on a person’s will to meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Aaron Beck

A

cognitive therapeutic techniques; problems arise from maladaptive ways of thinking about the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

J.J. Gibson

A

studied texture gradients; variations in perceived surface text as a function of the distance from the observer; as the distance increases, so does the perceived density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

George Berkeley

A

Perception: overlap (interposition); relative size; linear perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Hubel and Wiesel

A

found a neural basis for feature detection theory; suggest that certain cells in the cortex are maximally sensitive to certain features of stimuli; won Nobel Prize in 1981 - used single-cell recording to detect microelectrode - so mall can’t be seen with an ordinary microscope; can measure responses of a single cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Herman Ebbinghaus

A

method of savings; forgetting curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

George Sperling

A

partial report procedure; iconic memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Collins and Loftus

A

proposed spreading activation model - shorter distance between words, closer they are in memory (looks like a web)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Smith, Shoben, Rips

A

semantic feature-common model (loop up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Craik and Lockart

A

Depth of processing or levels of processing theory; physical, acoustal; semantic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Paivlo

A

Dual-code hypothesis; visual or verbal (abstract)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Sir Frederick Bartlett

A

memory = reconstructive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

eye witness memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

George Miller

A

STM = 7 +/- 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Ulric Neisser

A

coined term icon for brief visual memory; icon lasts for one second; backward masking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Karl Lashley

A

memories stored diffusely in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Donald Hebb

A

memory involves changes of synapses and neural pathways, making a memory tree. ER Kandel confirmed with sea slugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

ER Kandel

A

mapped memory tree in sea slug; won Nobel Prize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Guilford

A

divergent thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Collins and Quillian

A

assert that people make decisions about the relationships between things by searching their cognitive semantic hierarchies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Chomsky

A

Language aquisition device; structure surface vs. deep/abstract structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Vygotsky

A

zone of proximal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Kim

A

fMRI; bilingual adults who learned second language as adults use left frontal lobe (involved in working memory); extra effort; those who were bilingual as children do not (automatic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Roger Brown

A

researched areas of social, developmental, and linguistic psychology. Found that children’s understanding of grammatical rules develops as they make hypotheses about how syntax works and then self-correct with experience

58
Q

Katherine Nelso

A

language really begins to develop with the onset of active speech rather than during the first year of only listening

59
Q

William Labov

A

ebonics

60
Q

Charles Osgood

A

semantics; created semantic differential charts; works with similar connotations for cultures or subcultures

61
Q

Eleanor Rosch

A

tested wharfian hypothesis; studied Dani (remote tribe in Papua New Guinea); only use two words for color but perceive a lot of variation

62
Q

Terman and Wechsler

A

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: most widely used; verbal comprehension; perceptual reasoning; working memory; processing speed; children’s = WISC-R

63
Q

William Stern

A

developed idea of IQ; used to be mental age/chronological age; not compare a person to average of other people their same age

64
Q

Spearman

A

G factor

65
Q

Thurstone

A

Intelligence consists of 7 primary mental capacities; fundamental abilities that are the components of intelligence and are distinct from other capacities

66
Q

Catell and Horn

A

fluid and crystalized intelligence

67
Q

Carroll

A

Three stratum of cognitive ability; synthesis of earlier ideas; most widely accepted theory; 3 striate hierarchy: G; 8 cognitive abilities; narrower/related abilities

68
Q

Lewis Terman

A

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

69
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

initiated study of genetics

70
Q

RC Tryon

A

maze-bright and maze-dull rats

71
Q

Lennenberg, Relebsky, Nichols

A

babbling begins at the same age for hearing children and deaf children with any kind of parents

72
Q

Petitto and Marentette

A

deaf children with parents using sign language babble with their hands

73
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Add

74
Q

Freud

A

Add

75
Q

Erikson

A

Add

76
Q

Thomas and Chess

A

Studied tempermant: individual’s pattern of responding to environment – somewhat inheritable; emerges in infancy, stable over time, pervasive across situations

Proposed three categories of infant emotional and behavioral style

    1. Easy: positive; easily adapts
    1. Slow to warm up: withdraws; then adapts
    1. Difficult: negative; withdraws
77
Q

Wolff

A

3 types of crying:

1. Hunger cry 
2. Anger cry 
3. Pain cry – even non-parents react with heart rate acceleration to pain cry

Social smiling: at first, any face; 5 mos, only familiar faces

Fear response: at first undifferentiated to increasingly specific (notable changes after one year)

78
Q

Harlow

A

Wire monkey vs. cloth monkey

79
Q

Bowlby

A

Studied children brought up in institutions where needs met but not a lot of contact – more timid

Identified phases of attachment process:

  1. First weeks: infant reacts identically to every smiling face
  2. 3 mos: able to discern familiar and unfamiliar faces
  3. 6 mos: seeks out and responds to mom
  4. 9-12 mos: stranger anxiety
  5. 2nd year: separation anxiety
  6. 3rd year: okay
80
Q

Ainsworth

A

“strange situation” to study attachment style

  • A. insecure-avoidant
  • B. resistant
  • C. secure
81
Q

Lorenz

A

imprinting: rapid formation of an attachment bond between and organism and an object in the environment
- critical periods conducive to this
- others critique

82
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

Critiqued Kholberg’s Theory of Moral Developemt: children raised to develop gendered perceptions of morality; girls adopt an interpersonal orientation that is neither more nor less mature than rule-bound men

83
Q

Kholberg’s Theory of Moral Development

A

Add

84
Q

Diana Baumrind

A
  • authoritarian: high standards/cold
  • authoritative: high standards/warm
  • permissive
  • authoritative = most well-adjusted
85
Q

Rachel Gelman

A

showed that Piaget might have underestimated the cognitive ability of preschoolers

86
Q

Piaget’s theory of Moral Development

A

a. 4-7 years; imitates rule-following behavior; doesn’t question that rules exist
b. 7-11 years: understands rules and follows them
c. 12+ years: applies abstract thinking to rules; can change rules if all parties agree

87
Q

John Watson

A

behavioralist approach to development asserted that children were passively molded by the environment and that their behavior emerges through imitation of their parents

88
Q

Arnold Gessell

A

believed nature only provided blue-print for development through maturation; environment or nurture filled in details

89
Q

Ian Pavlov

A

Add

90
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

cofounder of Gestalt; sometimes learn from trial and error, but sometimes insight

91
Q

Edward Tolman

A

cognitive maps; if familiar path is blocked, rates able to use cognitive maps to come up with an alternative route

Preparedness: inborn tendency to associate certain stimuli with certain consequences (illness with something we ate)

Biological constraints: animals inborn predispositions to learn different things in different ways

Instinctual drift: can’t teach animals to do anything; eventually instincts override

92
Q

Niko Tinbergen

A

introduced experimental methods - enabling construction of controlled conditions

93
Q

Karl von Frisch

A

honeybees able to communicate direction and distance to food source through a complex dance

94
Q

EO Wilson

A

sociobiology – behavior due to a complex and dynamic interplay between genetics and environment

95
Q

Neil Miller

A

proposed the approach-avoidance conflict. This conflict refers to the state one feels when a certain goal has both pros and cons. Typically, the further one is from the goal, the more one focuses on the pros.

96
Q

George Kelly

A

set aside traditional ideas re: motivation, drive, unconscious, emotions, and reinforcement

Instead: individual as scientist – devise and test predictions about the behavior of significant people in our lives

Anxious person: has trouble doing this

Psychotherapy helps to develop this capacity

In their attempt to understand the world, people develop their own personal constructs; use these constructs to evaluate the world; pairs of opposites: fair/unfair; smart/dumb/exciting/dull

People’s behavior determines how they interpret the world

97
Q

Carl Rogers

A

client-centered therapy/person-centered therapy/nondirective therapy

Unconditional positive regard

People not slaves to unconscious (psychoanalysts) nor subject to faulty learning

98
Q

Victor Frankl

A

survivor of Nazi concentration camps

- Mental illness stems from meaningless life

99
Q

Raymond Cattell

A
  • identified 16 different traits to account for the underlying factors that determine personality
100
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

tried to use scientific methodology to test Jung’s division of introversion/extroversion

“Confirmed”

  1. introversion vs. extroversion
  2. emotional stability vs. neuroticism
  3. psychoticism
101
Q

Paul Costa and Robert McCrae

A

big 5

  1. Openness to experience
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Emotional stability (or neuroticism)
  4. Agreeableness
  5. iNtroversion/extroversion
102
Q

Gordon Allport

A
  1. cardinal – organize life around (only some)
  2. central – major characteristics (everyone)
  3. secondary – limited (everyone)

functional autonomy: a given activity or form of behavior may become an end/goal itself; allows for many types of motives

distinguished between idiographic approach to personality and nomothetic

  1. idiographic (morphogenic): case studies
  2. nomothetic (dimensional): commonalities among groups

Allport thought we should pursue idiographic and avoid nomothetic

103
Q

David McClelland

A

identified a personality trait referred to as the need for achievement (nAch)

Avoid high risk (fear of failure) and low risks (no achievement)

Stop striving toward goals if outcome seems unlikely

104
Q

Herman Witkin

A

Field independence: capacity to make specific responses to perceived specific stimuli

Field dependence: more diffuse response to a perceived mass of somewhat undifferentiated stimuli

Classified people according to their degree of field dependence

Ex: people who are field dependent will be more influenced by opinions of others

105
Q

Julian Rotter

A

Internal locus of control: believe that they can control their own destiny

External locus of control: situational influence – luck or task ease used to explain success

106
Q

Sandra Bem

A

Androgyny

Masculine and feminine must be distinct if someone can have both

107
Q

Walter Mischel

A

Criticized explaining personality via type/trait

Believed human behavior largely determined by the power of the situation (Stanford Prison Experiment)

108
Q

Kay Deaux

A

found that women’s successes at stereotypical “male” tasks are attributed to luck, while men’s successes are attributed to skill

109
Q

Sandra Bem

A

studied androgeny; created that Bem Sex Role Inventory

110
Q

Matina Horner

A

suggested that females shunned masculine-type successes not because of fear of failure or lack of interested, but because they feared success and its negative repercussions, such as resentment and rejection

111
Q

Alice Eagly

A

found an interaction between gender and social status with regard to how easily an individual might be influence or swayed

112
Q

Eleanor Macoby and Carol Jacklin

A

scrutinized studies of sex differences and found that relatively few existed that could not be explained away by simple social learning

Most consistent difference: women – verbal; men – spatial/visual

113
Q

Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman

A

studied Type A personality

114
Q

Grant Dahlstrom

A

linked Type A to heart disease

115
Q

Henry Murray

A

developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT); consists of ambiguous story cards; tell story; project their own “needs”

116
Q

Zajonc

A

Birth order; mere exposure hypothesis

117
Q

Fritz Heider

A

balance theory: imbalance occurs when someone agrees with someone he/she dislikes or disagrees with someone he/she likes; will shift to find balance

118
Q

Carl Hovland

A

attitude change as a process of communicating a message with the intent to persuade someone

Communication of persuasion has three component parts:
• Communicator
• Communication
• Situation

119
Q

Petty and Cacioppo’s

A

Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion:

Two routes to persuasion: (1) central route; (2) peripheral route

Central route: care deeply about the issue; will follow the argument closely and mentally evaluate them by coming up with counterarguments of your own

Strong arguments will change our minds more often than weak ones

Peripheral route: don’t care; can’t follow; distracted

Strength of argument doesn’t matter; situation does matter

120
Q

William McGuire

A

uses analogy of inoculation to explain how people are able to resist persuasion

Presenting someone with refuted counterarguments enables them to practice defending their beliefs (like a measles shot)

McGuire proved this was effective with cultural truisms (those not inoculated were susceptible to attack)

121
Q

Stanley Schacter

A

found that greater anxiety leads to a greater desire to affiliate. A situation that provokes little anxiety typically does not lead to a desire to affiliate.

Both anxiety and a need to compare oneself with other people may play roles in determining both when and with whom we affiliate.

122
Q

John Darley and Bibb Latane

A

bystander effect

123
Q

Batson

A

empathy-altruism model:

Seeing another in distress can provoke distress or empathy; if empathy, more likely to help

124
Q

Frantz Heider

A

attribution theory; believes we are all amateur psychologists who attempt to discover causes and effects in events

Heider divided causes into two main groups: (1) situational; (2) dispositional

Dispositional: Relate to the person – attitudes/beliefs/personality/etc.

Situational: External; relate to surrounding – threats/money/social norms/peer pressure, etc.

125
Q

Thomas Newcomb

A

Influence of group norms – Republican students at Bennington College became more liberal each year because of overall liberal environment

126
Q

Edward Hall

A

Proxemics: the student of how individuals space themselves in relation to others

127
Q

Richard Lazarus

A

studied stress and coping. Differentiated between problem-focused coping (which is changing the stressor) and emotion-focused coping (which is changing the response to the stressor

128
Q

J. Rodin and E. Langer

A

choice/agency; show that nursing home residents who have plants to care for have better health and lower mortality rates

129
Q

Stuart Valins

A

studied environmental influences on behavior. Architecture matters. Student in long-corridor dorms feel more stressed and withdrawn than students in suite-style dorms.

130
Q

M. Rokeach

A

studied racial bias and similarity of beliefs. People prefer to be with like-minded people more than like-skinned people. Also, racial bias decreases as attitude similarity increases

131
Q

M. Fischbein and I. Ajzen

A

are known for their theory of reasoned action. States that people’s behavior in a given situation is determined by their attitude about the situation and social norms

132
Q

Hazel Markus

A

known for cross-cultural research; compares behavioral norms in cultures that value independence versus cultures that value interdependence

133
Q

Elaine Hatfield

A

studies different types of love

Passionate love: intense longing for the union with another and a state of profound physical arousal

134
Q

Paul Ekman

A

emotions
6 basic emotions: mad, sad, scared, happy, surprise, disgust

Based on cross-cultural research; participants from different cultures able to name these emotions based on facial expressions

FACS coding: Facial Action Coding System

135
Q

Harold Kelly

A

hot/cold description of a person (reproduced Asch’s findings); attributions we make ourselves and others tend to be correct

136
Q

Ellen Langer

A

illusion of control: belief that you can control things that you actually have no influence on. This is the driving force behind lottery/gambling/superstition

137
Q

Norman Triplett

A

first official social psychology experiment

138
Q

Kurt Lewin

A

founder of social psych; applied Gestalt ideas to social behavior; conceived of field theory, which is the total of influences upon individual behavior

A person’s life-space is the collection of forces on an individual

Valence, vector, and barrier are forces in the life-space

139
Q

Richard Nisbett

A

showed that we lack awareness for why we do what we do

140
Q

Morton Deutsch

A

prisoner’s dilemma

141
Q

Henry Landsberger

A

coined the term the Hawthorne effect – people’s performance changes when they’re observed

Psychology GRE (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions