Abnormal Psychology Flashcards
Mental retardation - IQ
IQ 70 or below
Mild retardation - IQ
55-70
Moderate retardation - IQ
40-55
Severe retardation - IQ
25-40
Profound retardation - IQ
IQ < 25
Delirium
disturbed consciousness and cognition
Huntington’s disease
form of dementia; genetically inherited progressive degenerations of thought, emotion, and movement
Pick’s disease
form of dementia; disease of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain characterized by a change in personality
Who coined term schizophrenia
Eugene Bleuler
Eugene Bleuler
coined term schizophrenia
What was schizophrenia called before it got this name?
dementia praecox
What does schizophrenia mean?
split mind - mind is split from reality
Positive symptoms
behaviors, thoughts, or affects added to normal behavior
Delusions: false beliefs, discordant with reality, that are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary
- Delusions of reference: belief that others are talking about him/her
- Delusions of prosecution: belief that a person is deliberately plotted against
- Delusions of gradeur: belief that he/she is a remarkable person
Hallucinations: perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality
Disorganized thought: loosening of associations
- May invent new words: neologism
Disturbance of affect: blunting, flat affect, inappropriate affect
Catatonic motor behavior: both extremes – paralysis and useless and bizarre movements not caused by external stimuli
Delusions
Symptom of schizophrenia
Delusions: false beliefs, discordant with reality, that are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary
a. Delusions of reference: belief that others are talking about him/her
b. Delusions of prosecution: belief that a person is deliberately plotted against
c. Delusions of gradeur: belief that he/she is a remarkable person
Hallucinations
perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality
Disorganized thought
loosening of associations
May invent new words: neologism
Disturbance of affect
blunting, flat affect, inappropriate affect
Catatonic motor behavior
both extremes – paralysis and useless and bizarre movements not caused by external stimuli
Negative symptoms
those symptoms that involve the absence of normal or desired behavior
Flat affect, where the individual’s emotional expression is blunted
prodromal phase
Before schizophrenia diagnosed, a patient often goes through a phase characterized by poor adjustment (distinct from active phase)
process schizophrenia
onset of symptoms slow
reactive schizophrenia
onset of symptoms sudden
Catatonic schizophrenia
disturbance in motor behavior
i. Catalepsy: motor immobility
ii. Echolalia: parroting
iii. Echopraxia: imitating the gestures of others
Paranoid schizophrenia
preoccupation with one or more delusions or frequent hallucinations
Disorganized schizophrenia
flat or inappropriate affect and disorganized speech and behavior (also called hebephrenic schizophrenia)
hebephrenic schizophrenia
Another name for disorganized schizophrenia
Shared psychotic disorder
also known as a folie a deux; when two people have shared delusions
folie a deux
another name for shared psychotic disorder
Dopamine hypothesis
schizophrenia: either excess of dopamine or hyper-sensitivity to dopamine
Double-bind hypothesis
as a child, the person with schizophrenia received contradictory and mutually incompatible messages from his or her primary care-giver; child begins to see his/her perceptions of reality as unreliable.
Major depressive disorder
2-week episode
Dysthymic Disorder
symptoms of major depressive disorder for 2+ years without major episode
Bipolar
i. Bipolar I: manic episodes
ii. Bipolar II: hypomania – doesn’t disrupt life
Bipolar I
manic episodes
Bipolar II
hypomania
Cyclothymic disorder
doesn’t quite reach level necessary to diagnose as bipolar, but same basic symptoms
Catecholamine theory of depression:
neurotransmitters that have been implicated in mood disorders include norepinephrine and serotonin; these two are often linked in to what is called the monoamine theory or depression or catecholamine theory of depression. The theory holds that too much norepinephrine and serotonin lead to mania, while too little leads to depression
Agoraphobia
Aunt Dolly
Dissociative amnesia
not due to a neurological disorder
Dissociate fugue
move away; forget who you are
Dissociative identity disorder
two or more personalities that recurrently take control of a person’s behavior
Depersonalization disorder
person feels detached, like an outside observer of his or her mental processes and/or behavior. However, even during these times, the person still has an intact sense of reality
Dyssomnia
sleep abnormalities
Parasomnias
abnormal behaviors during sleep
Hypersomnia
excessive sleepliness
Narcolepsy
falling asleep uncontrollably throughout the day
Kleptomania
stealing
Pyromania
fire
Trichtillomania
pull out own body hair
Schizoid
personality disorder; pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression
Schizotypal
personality disorder; Eccentricity, distorted reality
Histrionic
personality disorder; excessive emotion
Anti-social
personality disorder; psychopathic
Avoidant
personality disorder; social inhibitions, hypersensitivity, perceptions of inadequacy
Conversion disorder
somatoform disorder; unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions (used to be referred to as hysteria)
Somatoform disorders
not caused by physical ailment, although patient experiences physical ailment
Factitious Disorder
creating physical complains through fabrication or self-inflection (ingesting toxins, for example, in order to assume the sick role)
Diathesis-stress model
predisposition activated by stress
David Rosenham
admitted to psychiatric hospitals – physically well but diagnosed
Thomas Szasz
critic of labeling anyone mentally ill; simply traits that deviate from social norms
Antipsychotics
first drugs used in psychopharmacology; used to treat positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions and hallucinations, by blocking dopamine receptors and inhibiting dopamine production o Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) o Haloperidol (Haldol)
Antimanics
drugs to manage bipolar disorder; inhibit monoamines such as norephinephrine and serotonin based on the theory that mania results from excessive monoamines
o Lithium
Antidepressants
used to reduce depressive symptoms by taking the opposite action of antimanics. The theory is that abnormally low levels of monoamines cause depression
o Tricyclics
o Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
o Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): act only on serotonin; fewer side effects
• Fluoxetine (Prozac)
• Paroxetine (Paxil)
• Sertraline (Zoloft)
Antxiolytics
Used to reduce anxiety or induce sleep, usually by increasing the effectiveness of GABA o Diazepam (Valium) o Alprazolam (Xanax)
Antabuse
counter-condition alcholics
Tardive dyskinesia
can result from long-term use of neuroleptics or psychotropics; this disorder is characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements of the tongue, jaw, or extremities
Cretinism
form of mental retardation that is caused by iodine deficiency
Korsakoff’s syndrome
caused by vitamin B deficiency; loss of memory and orientation; sufferers make up events to fill in the gaps (confabulations)
Wernicke’s syndrome
caused by thiamine deficiency, characterized by memory problems and eye dysfunctions
Tay-Sachs disease
recessive, genetic deficiency; sufferers may have symptoms that resemble psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia or dementia
Fromm and Reichman
coined the term schizophrenogenic mother – which refers to a type of mother who supposedly causes children to become schizophrenic
