personality psych Flashcards
1
Q
relatively enduring predispositions (traits) that influence our behavior across many situations
these traits account in part for consistencies in our behavior across time and situations
unique and relatively stable behavior patterns
the consistency of who you are, have been, and will become
A
personality
2
Q
hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity, moods, irritability, and adaptability
A
temperament
3
Q
stable qualities that a person shows in most situations
A
personality trait
4
Q
people who have several traits in common
A
personality type
5
Q
a mental and emotional entity that characterizes a person
set of emotions, beliefs, and behavior towards other people, events, places, etc
a learned behavior
positive - negative - uncertain
explicit - implicit
A
attitude
6
Q
components of attitude
A
- cognitive component
- affective component
- behavioral component
7
Q
how the object, person, issue, or event makes u feel
A
affective component
8
Q
how attitude influences your behavior
A
behavioral component
9
Q
personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated
A
character
10
Q
we must beware of _______ of human behavior
A
single-cause explanations
11
Q
personality is ______
A
multiply determined
12
Q
causal factors of personality
A
- genetic
- prenatal
- parenting
- peer influences
- life stressors (good/bad)
13
Q
2 ways of studying behavior
A
nomothetic
idiographic
14
Q
focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals
attempts to derive principles that explain the thinking emotions and behaviors
allows generalization
A
nomothetic
15
Q
focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person
allows for limited generalizability to other people
A
idiographic
16
Q
temporary way of being
thinking, feeling, behaving, relating
A
state
17
Q
tends to be a more stable and enduring characteristic or pattern of behavior
A
trait
18
Q
causes of personality
A
- genetic factors
- shared environmental factors
- nonshared environmental factors
19
Q
temperament
A
genetic factors
20
Q
experiences that make indivs within the same family more alike
A
shared environmental factors
21
Q
experiences that make indivs within the same family less alike
A
nonshared environmental factors
22
Q
2 personality types (carl jung)
A
introvert
extrovert
23
Q
shy, self-centered person whose attention is focused inward
A
introvert
24
Q
bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed outward
A
extrovert
25
ur ideas, perceptions, and feelings about who u are
self-concept
26
how we evaluate ourselves: positive/negative?
self-esteem
27
system of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles proposed to explain personality
personality theories
28
attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior
aim to describe personality w a small num of traits/factors
trait theory
29
proponents of trait theory
allport
costa
mcrae
30
big 5 traits
1. openness
2. conscientiousness
3. extraversion
4. agreeableness
5. neuroticism
31
“Depth Psychology”
focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles
psychoanalytic theory
32
proponent of psychoanalytic theory
sigmund freud
33
develops in stages; everyone goes thru same stages in order
majority of personality is formed before age 7
freudian personality development
34
area on body capable of producing pleasure
erogenous zone
35
unresolved conflict/emotional hang-up caused by overindulgence/frustration
fixation
36
levels of awareness
unconscious
conscious
preconscious
37
holds repressed memories and emotions and the id’s instinctual drives
unconscious
38
everything u are aware of at a given moment
conscious
39
material that can easily be brought into awareness
preconscious
40
provinces of the mind
id
ego
superego
41
innate biological instincts and urges; self-serving, irrational, and totally unconscious
pleasure principle
id
42
executive; directs id energies
partially conscious and partially unconscious
reality principle
always caught in the middle of battles between superego’s desires for moral behavior and the id’s desires for immediate gratification
ego
43
judge/censor for thoughts and actions of ego
moral principle
superego
44
caused by id impulses that ego can barely control
neurotic anxiety
45
comes from threats of punishment from the superego
moral anxiety
46
habitual and unconscious (in most cases) psychological processes designed to reduce anxiety
defense mechanisms
47
freudian defense mechanisms
1. denial
2. repression
3. projection
4. rationalization
5. reaction formation
48
most primitive; refusing to believe, denying reality; usually occurs w death and illness
denial
49
held out of our awareness
repression
50
when one’s own feelings, shortcomings, or unacceptable traits and impulses are seen in others; exaggeration negative traits in others lowers anxiety
projection
51
justifying personal actions by giving “rational” but false reasons for them
rationalization
52
impulses are repressed and the opposite behavior is exaggerated
reaction formation
53
model of personality that emphasizes learning and observable behavior
behavioral theory
54
3 behavioral theories
classical conditioning
behavioral analysis
dollard and miller’s theory
55
external conditions that influence our behavior
situational determinants
56
proponents of behavioral theory
pavlov
skinner
dollard
miller
57
viewed indiv differences in personality as the result of learning and different environmental experiences
found to be very useful for the modification of behavior
classical conditioning
58
can help to better predict how someone will behave
skinner believed that you can change a person’s behavior by using a series of rewards and punishments
if you are “trained” right, you can become a person w any sort of personality trait
emphasis on the importance of the environment to explain the situational variations in behavior
behavioral analysis
59
learned behavior patterns; makes up structure of personality
habits
60
habits are governed by
1. drive
2. cue
3. response
4. reward
61
any stimulus strong enough to goad a person into action
drive
62
signals from the environment that guide responses
cue
63
any behavior, either internal/observable; actions
response
64
positive reinforcement
reward
65
attribute differences in perspectives to socialization, expectations, and mental processes
emphasizes the importance of observing, modeling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reaction of others
behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning
social learning theory
66
component of social learning theory
albert bandura
67
learning principles x cognition x effects of Social Relationships
slt-locus of control
68
proponent of slt-locus of control
julian rotter
69
how the person interprets/defines the situation
psychological situation
70
anticipation that making a response will lead to reinforcement
expectancy
71
subjective value attached to a particular activity/reinforcer
reinforcement value
72
focus on priv, subjective experience, and personal growth
human expi, problems, potentials, ideas
humanistic theory
73
people are inherently motivated toward achieving positive psychological functioning
person centered theory
73
proponents of humanistic theory
rogers
maslow
74
proponent of person centered theory
rogers
75
lives in harmony with his/her deepest feelings and impulses
fully functioning person
76
flexible and changing perception of one’s identity
self
77
total subjective perception of your body and personality
self-image
78
exists when there is a discrepancy between one’s experiences and self-image
incongruence
79
idealized image of oneself (the person one would like to be)
ideal self
80
thinking of oneself as good, loveable, worthwhile person
positive self-regard
81
unshakable love and approval
unconditional positive regard
82
believed that successful fulfillment of each layer of needs was vital in the development of personality
maslow’s heirarchy of needs
83
traits, qualities, potentials, and behavior patterns most characteristic of humans
human nature
84
ability to choose that is not controlled by genetics, learning, or unconscious forces
free choice
85
private perceptions of reality
subjective experience
86
process of fully developing personal potentials
self-actualization
87
temporary moments of self-actualization
peak experiences
88
goals of personality assessment
1. describe current functioning: cognition, clinical disturbance, daily functioning
2. identify therapeutic needs (clinical)
3. monitor treatment over time (clinical
4. provide skilled feedback (clinical/career)
5. guide in making decisions (career/edu)
89
battery of tests
eval/measurement
assessment
90
example of assessment
career assessment
91
one type of test specific to a domain
testing
92
types of testing
beck’s depression inventory
mbti
93
types of personality assessments
1. self-report inventories
2. projectve tests
3. behavioral reports
94
paper and pencil format or may even be administered on a computer
carefully designed questionnaires developed w theoretical and statistical techniques
widely used in assessing personality but still highly debatable
self-report inventories
95
psychological tests that use ambiguous/unstructured stimuli; person needs to describe the ambiguous stimuli or make up stories about them
projectve tests
96
interview and direct observation
behavioral reports
97
Extraversion VS Introversion
Judging VS Perceiving
Intuition VS Sensing
Thinking VS Feeling
Myers-Briggs Personality Test (MBTI)
98
instrument that could be used as an objective tool for assessing different psychiatric conditions and their severity
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MPPI)
99
measures and tests the 5 main traits outlined in the five-factor personality model
NEO-PR
100
contains 10 standardized inkblots (the “inkblot” tests)
Rorschach Technique
101
proponent of Rorschach Technique
hermann rorschach
102
personality theorist; projective device consisting of 20 drawings (black and white) of various situations; people must make up stories about the people in it
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
103
proponent of Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
henry murray
104
fce-to-face meeting designed to gain info about someone’s personality, current psychological state, or personal history
interview
105
convo is informal, and topics are discussed as they arise
unstructured interview
106
follows a prearranged plain, using a series of planned questions
structured interview
107
looking at behavior
direct observation
