intelligence Flashcards
intelligence as a sensory capacity
people w better senses acquire more knowledge
res showed diff sensory capacities were only weakly related to eo
also showed that measures of sensory ability are not highly related to intelligence
psychophysical activity
proponent of psychophysical activity
francis galton
focused on higher mental processes
most now agree that intelligence has something to do with the capacity to understand hypothetical concepts
abstract thinking
proponent of abstract thinking
alfred binet
theodore simon
higher mental processes
reasoning
understanding
judgment
development of the intelligence test (WWI)
1905
the ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn to the surrounding environment
capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes to enhance learning
intelligence
2 factors for measuring intelligence
two-factor theory (g-factor theory)
2 factors measuring intelligence
general “g” factor
specific factors
provides the key to understanding intelligence, which is a result of “mental energy”
general “g” factor
only of casual intelligence due to the narrow applicability of the factors
specific factors
intelligent behavior does not arise from a general factor, but rather emerges from 7 diff independent factors
primary mental abilities
proponent of primary mental abilities
louis thurnstone
core intelligence 7 factors
- num facilities
- reasoning
- memory
- spatial perception
- perceptual speed
- verbal comprehension
- verbal fluency
computation and simple math
num facilities
analogies and number-series completion tasks
reasoning
pic and word-recall tests
memory
mental rotation of pics of objects
spatial perception
recognition of differences between pics
perceptual speed
vocab tests
verbal comprehension
think of many words that begin w a given letter
verbal fluency
theorized that “intelligence” is a mix of 2 capacities
fluid and crystallized intelligence
proponents of fluid and crystallized intelligence
cattell
horn
capacity to learn new ways of solving problems
fluid intelligence
accumulated knowledge of the world we gain over time
crystallized intelligence
intelligence is composed of 3 aspects
having 1 factor does not ensure u have others
we all possess strengths and weaknesses, but they might not be as distinct as theorized
triarchic theory of intelligence
3 aspects of intelligence
- analytical
- practical
- creative
ability to reason logically, ”book smart”
analytical intelligence
ability to solve real-world problem, “street smart”
practical intelligence
ability to come up w novel and effective answers
creative intelligence
intelligence includes multiple independent constructs
multiple intelligences
proponent of multiple intelligences
howard gardner
ways of thinking abt the world
gardner’s frames of mind
8 distinct intelligences
- verbal-linguistic
- mathematical-logical
- musical
- visual-spatial
- bodily-kinesthetic
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
- natural
well-developed verbal skill and sensitivity to sounds, meanings, and rhythm of words
verbal-linguistic
ability to think conceptually and abstractly, and the capacity to discern logical/numerical patterns
mathematical-logical
ability to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch, and more
musical
capacity to think in images and pictures, to visualize accurately and abstractly
visual-spatial
ability to control one’s body movements and handle objects skillfully
bodily-kinesthetic
capacity to detect and respond appropriately to to the moods, motivations, and desires of others
interpersonal
capacity to be self-aware and in tune w inner feelings, values, beliefs, and thinking processes
intrapersonal
ability to recognize and categorize plants, animals, and other objects in nature
natural
binet’s concept of mental age led to the development of the intelligence quotient
compares each person’s score to what is normal for his or own age group
intelligence quotient
formula of IQ
(mental age/chronological age) x 100
first formal test created by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon to help identify French students who needed more help w learning
uses a variety of verbal and non-verbal subtests to provide an overall estimate of intelligence and scores related to the 5 areas of cognition
stanford-binet test
creators of stanford-binet test
alfred binet
theodore simon
5 areas of cognition
- fluid reasoning
- quanti reasoning
- knowledge
- working memory
- visual-spatial processing
most commonly used IQ tests for adults
uses a variety of verbal and perf subtests to provide an overall estimate of intelligence and scores
wechsler adult intelligence scale
4 scores of wechsler adult intelligence scale
- verbal comprehension
- perceptual reasoning
- working memory
- processing speed
consists of abstract-reasoning items that don’t depend on language
the validity of the interpretation is similar across diff cultural groups
culture-fair iq tests
sci of using controlled, selective breeding to improve the qualities of the human race
eugenics
soon after IQ tests were developed, they began to be abused
led to worry about “low IQ” in certain groups
eugenics movement
IQ tests can be used to identify indivs who differ significantly from those of average intelligence
indiv differences
characterized by childhood onset of low IQ (below 70) and inability to engage in adequate daily functioning
intellectual disability
also known as IQ, this refers to a person’s ability to learn, reason, make decisions, and solve problems
intellectual functioning
these r skills necessary for day-to-day life, such as being to communicate effectively, interact w others, and take care of oneself
adaptive behaviors
4 lvls of intellectual disability
- mild
- moderate
- severe
- profound
fetal alcohol syndrome, fragile X syndrome, down syndrome
biological
exposure to lead and mercury
environmental
2% of the popu on the upper end of the curve
typically grp up to be well-adjusted adults except when pushed to achieve at younger ages
genetic factors play a role, but so do prac and dedication
giftedness
superior intelligence
IQ 110-119
very superior intelligence
IQ 120-129
gifted
IQ 130 (2 SD above mean)
geniuses
IQ 140
especially active during highly “g-loaded” tasks
prefrontal cortex
evidence suggests cerebral cortex development is slower in
gifted children
brain vol correlates positively w measure intelligence
biologica basis of intelligence
family studies confirm that IQ runs in families
but high lvls of environmental deprivation may swamp ut effect of genes
nature
those that think IQ is fixed tend to take less academic risks, challenging themselves less
amt of schooling seems to exert a causal influence on IQ
nurture
average IQ of the popu has been rising by about 3 points every 10 yrs
flynn affect
most likely the results of environmental changes (rising iq)
- increased test sophistication
- increased complexity of modern world
- etter nutrition
- changes at home and school
involves transforming your ideas, imagination, and dreams into reality
creativity
“outside the box” thinking
divergent thinking
finding the single best answer to a problem
convergent thinking
ability to understand our own and others emotions, then apply that info
not clear that emotional intelligence differs much from personality
may not predict job perf beyond general IQ
emotional intelligence
appli of intelligence toward a common good
wisdom
wise ppl balance 3 competing interests
- self-interest
- concerns for others
- concerns abt broader society
