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FALL 2022 > Personality Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Personality Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What was Carl Rogers’ Theory?

A

Unconditional Positive Regard

Parents withheld their love when their children disobeyed.

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2
Q

What were Sigmund Freud’s Theories?

A

Sex Theories

Was raised in a time where sexuality was repressed. Was treated better than his siblings.

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3
Q

What was Alfred Adler’s Theory?

A

Striving for Superiority

Sickly, near-blind, hit by a car twice.

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4
Q

What was Abraham Maslow’s Theory?

A

Hierarchy of Needs

Abusive parents and bullied by neighbourhood gang, felt physically unsafe.

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5
Q

What do Personality Psychologists Study?

A

Psychological Triad
The ‘Whole’ Person
Overlap with Clinical Psychology

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6
Q

Definition of Personality

A

An individuals pattern of thought, emotion and behaviour + the psychological mechanisms behind them.

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7
Q

What does the Trait Approach focus on?

A

How people differ psychologically.

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8
Q

What does the Biological Approach focus on?

A

The mind, based on the body.

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9
Q

What does the Psychoanalytic Approach focus on?

A

Focus on the unconscious mind.

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10
Q

What is the Phenomenological (Humanistic) Approach ?

A

How conscious awareness creates human attributes.

Understanding the meaning/basis of happiness.

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11
Q

What is the Phenomenological (Cross-Cultural) Approach?

A

Seeing how the experience of reality affects different cultures.

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12
Q

What is learning?

A

How behaviour changes based on experiences.

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13
Q

What does Classic Behaviourism focus on?

A

Focuses on overt behaviour.

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14
Q

What does Social Learning focus on?

A

How observation and Self-Evaluation determine behaviour.

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15
Q

What does Cognitive Personality focus on?

A

Focuses on cognitive processes.

ie. memory, perception, etc.

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16
Q

Personality Psychologists emphasize individual differences. True or False?

A

True.

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17
Q

What is Personality Data?

A

Thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.

Personality “clues”.

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18
Q

What is Funder’s Second Law?

A

There are no perfect indicators of personality, only ambiguous clues.

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19
Q

What is a Personality Psychologist’s Job?

A

To gather and put together as many personality clues as possible.

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20
Q

What is Funder’s Third Law?

A

Something beats nothing, two times out of three.

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21
Q

What is S. Data?
(Self-Report Data)

A

Data the individual reports about themselves.

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22
Q

What are the pros of S. Data?

A

– large amount of data (you are always with yourself)
– access to thoughts, feelings, and intentions
– face validity (measures what it is supposed to measure)

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23
Q

What are the cons of S. Data?

A

– personal bias (overly negative, overly positive)
– dishonesty / faking and active distortion of memory
– fish and water effect

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24
Q

What is I. Data?
(Informant Data?)

A

Data received from other people, about the individual.

25
Q

What are the pros of I. Data?

A

– large amount of data (many behaviours, many situations, many informants)
– not from controlled environments (real world basis)
– definitional truth

26
Q

What are the cons of I. Data?

A

– lack of private experience
– more likely to remember extreme/unusual behaviour
– letter of recommendation effect (+ & - biases)

27
Q

What are Life Outcomes?

A

Real life facts with psychological significance.

28
Q

Pros and Cons of Life Outcomes?

A

pros: less prone to bias

cons: may violate privacy / be difficult to access

29
Q

What is Behavioural Data?

A

Observations of behaviour in a lab.

(can come from personality tests)

30
Q

What is Natural B. Data?

A

Observations of behaviour in real life.

(body cams, written/audio diaries, social media)

31
Q

Pros and Cons of Natural B. Data?

A

pros: realistic

cons: desired context uncommon

32
Q

What is Lab B. Data?

A

Controlled environments and situations, representing real life conditions otherwise difficult to observe.

33
Q

Pros and Cons of Lab B. Data?

A

pros: range of contexts, appearance of objectivity

cons: difficult and expensive

33
Q

Pros and Cons of Lab B. Data?

A

pros: range of contexts, appearance of objectivity

cons: difficult and expensive

34
Q

What is Mixed Data?

A

Data that does not always fit into one category.

35
Q

What is Reliability?

A

The tendency for a measurement to provide the same result (always wrong or always right) on repeated occasions.

36
Q

What is Measurement Error?

A

The effect multiple influences have on a test score.

37
Q

Explain State vs. Trait.

A

Trait is when a person has a behavioural tendency at all times. State is when a person exhibits that behaviour for a specific reason (typically a short time).

38
Q

What are some things that can undermine Quality of Data?

A

– low precision of measurement
– state of participants or examiner
– variation in environment

39
Q

What are some things that can enhance Quality of Data?

A

– being careful
– following a procedure
– aggregation

40
Q

What is Validity?

A

How true the test/measurements are.

41
Q

What is Generalizability?

A

How accurate the results of a study will be when applied to a broad group of people.

42
Q

Purpose, pros, and cons of Case Method/Case Study?

A

purpose: explain events, general lessons, science principals

pros: source for ideas, helps to understand individuals

cons: unknown generalizability

43
Q

Purpose of Experimental Method?

A

purpose: establish causal relationship between dependent and independent variables

(requires random assignment to control and experimental groups)

44
Q

What is the Correlation Coefficient?

A

A measure of how strong the correlation between two variables is.

!correlation ≠ causation!

45
Q

What is Behavioural Observation?

A

Recording the behaviour of a person.

46
Q

What are Unstructured vs. Structured Interviews?

A

unstructured: typically client led “conversation” (questionable validity)

structured: strict question and answer (move valid)

47
Q

What is Document Analysis/Life Stories?

A

Analysis of client’s writings (letters, diaries, etc.)

48
Q

What are Projective Tests?

A

Unstructured/Ambiguous task or situation, where the client projects their fears, hopes, dreams, etc.

ie. Rorschach Ink Blot Test

49
Q

What is Personality tied to?
(Henry Stack Sullivan)

A

Personality is tied to social situations.

50
Q

What is the Illusion of Individuality?

A

We become “different” people in different social situations.

51
Q

What is Henry S. Sullivan’s Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry?

A

Psychological development is based in the reactions of our peers.

52
Q

What is Situationism?

A

The belief that behaviour is driven by situation, and personality is pretty much irrelevant.

53
Q

What is a Behavioural Signature?

A

The commonality of a relationship between situation and a person’s behaviour.

(can make their behaviour/personality seem more consistent)

54
Q

What is an Expectancy?

A

What we expect the outcome of our behaviours will be. A factor believed to determine behaviour.

55
Q

What did Mischel believe?

A

Behaviour is MOSTLY due to situational or environmental factors.

56
Q

How can Personality Psychologists increase their ability to predict behaviour?

A

– move out of labs
– focus on behavioural trends
– try better methodology

57
Q

What is Interactionism?

A

The idea that people’s personalities depend on a situation and vice versa.

58
Q

What does O.C.E.A.N. stand for?

A

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

FALL 2022 (6 decks)

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