Abnormal Psychology Midterm 1 Flashcards
Define Abnormal.
Anything that deviates from the norm.
What are the five Aspects of Behaviour?
Statistical Infrequency
Violation of Norms
Personal Suffering
Disability of Dysfunction
Unexpectedness
Describe Statistical Infrequency.
Falling on either side of the bell curve.
(not negative or positive)
Describe Violation of Norms.
Being completely different from the norm.
(can depend on socio-cultural aspects)
Describe Personal Suffering.
Is the behaviour causing this person (or the people around them) any distress?
Describe Disability or Dysfunction.
Is the behaviour causing any impairment?
Describe Unexpectedness.
Are the behaviours or responses “normal” for the stimulus?
Define Early Demonology.
The idea that a person who behaves strangely (seemingly beyond their control) has been frowned upon by the gods or possessed by devils or demons.
Define Trepanning.
A medical process in which a hole is put into the skull, to allow evil spirits to escape.
Define Somatogenesis.
The idea that something wrong with the body will affect thoughts and actions.
Define Psychogenesis.
The idea that cognitive and behavioural disturbances stem from the mind.
Define Community Psychology.
A branch of psychology in which the psychologist actively seeks out problems and potential problems.
Define the Cathartic Method.
Experiencing Catharsis.
Catharsis is the experience of reliving a traumatic even and relieving the emotional tension.
Define a Community Treatment Order (CTO).
A Community Treatment Order is a document specifying the terms for of treatment that must be followed for a mentally-ill person to be released into the community.
Define General Paresis.
Mental illness characterized by paralysis, insanity, and death within 5 years (typically). Caused by syphilis of the brain.
Define Transinstitutionalization.
When people with mental health issues are moved from one institution to another.
Define Deinstitutionalization.
When people with mental health issues are taken out of institutions and put back into the community/society.
Define Scientific Inquiry.
The ways in which scientists study the world, create explanations, and answer questions.
What is a Paradigm?
A pattern or model.
Describe the Cognitive Paradigm.
A person is best understood by studying how they perceive and structure their experiences.
Describe the Biological Paradigm.
Mental disorders are caused by biological disorders. Also called the Medical Model or the Disease Model.
Describe Behaviour Genetics and the four methods of study.
Behaviour Genetics is the study of individual behavioural differences that can be attributed to differences in genetic makeup.
The Family Method
The Twin Method
The Adoptees Method
Linkage Analysis
Define the Familial Method.
The Familial Method can be used to study genetic predisposition in members of a family.
Define the Twin Method.
The Twin Method typically occurs after diagnosis of one twin, then they search for the presence of disorder in the other twin.
Define the Adoptees Method.
Children who have been adopted and raised apart from their birth parents are studied.
Define Linkage Analysis.
Linkage analysis is a method used to study people, inheritance patterns of genetics (genetic markers). Mostly used in cases where a disorder is heavily concentrated in a family.
Define Concordance.
The similarity in diagnosis or in traits within twins.
Describe Brief Therapy.
Time-limited psychotherapy.
Describe the Biopsychosocial Paradigm.
All behaviour (normal and abnormal) is caused by biological, psychological, and social factors.
Describe Client-Centred Therapy.
Understanding the clients subjective experiences, gaining awareness of motivations for behaviour, and foster the client’s potential.
Describe the Humanistic Paradigm.
Freedom to choose and personal responsibility, treatment with empathy and positive regard.
recall: client-centred therapy
What is the main implication of paradigms?
They limit where and how investigators look for answers, and not all scientists follow the same paradigm.
Describe the Diathesis-Stress Paradigm.
People are predisposed to react adversely to environmental stressors.
What is the Healthy Immigrant Effect?
The phenomenon that immigrants have less health-problems than Canadian-born people.
Define Inter-Rater Reliability.
The relationship between the judgements raters make on a phenomenon.
Define Test-Retest Reliability.
How being observed or taking the same test multiple times score in the same way.
Define Alternate-Form Reliability.
The consistency of test results between two different, but equivalent, forms of a test.
Define Internal Consistency Reliability.
The degree to which items on a test are related to each other.
Define Content Validity.
The degree to which a measure samples the domain of interest.
Define Criterion Validity.
The degree in which a measure is associated with another measure (the criterion).
Define Construct Validity.
The extent to which scores on an assessment relate to a theory or hypothesis.
Define Case Validity.
The extent to which a case encompasses the influences that contribute to distress and dysfunction.
Define Clinical Interview.
A conversation between clinician and client, to determine diagnosis, history, causes and treatment.
Define Structured Interviews.
An interview with a predetermined set of questions, to help make decisions based on standardized criteria.
Describe an Evidence Based Assessment.
The selection of assessment measures based on research evidence of reliability and validity.
Define Diagnosis. Why is it important?
The determination that a person’s set of symptoms indicates a specific disorder.
What is the DSM-5?
The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Define Comorbidity.
The occurrence of two disorders in one person.
Define Dimensional Classification.
A method of assessment where a person is placed on a continuum.
Define Kappa.
A statistic reflecting how much multiple raters select the same category.
Define Analogue Experiments.
The study of a phenomenon related to the actual interests of the investigator.
Define Classificatory Variables.
The characteristics people bring with them into investigations. (ie. sex, age, marital status…)
Describe a Double-Blind Procedure.
A form of the experimental method where neither participant nor experimental is aware of the presence of the independant variable.
Define Incidence.
The rate of which new cases occur in a given time or place.
Define Latent Class Growth Analysis.
A statistical technique that examines groups by developmental trajectories.
Define Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Meta-Analysis.
Meta-Analysis: A method of summarizing many studies for analyzing and comparisons.
Meta-Meta-Analysis: The combination of multiple Meta-Analyses.
Define Prevalence.
The percentage of a population that has a disorder at a given time.
Define Reversal (ABAB).
An experimental method in which behaviour is measured four times, twice at baseline (A), and twice during treatment (B), to isolate cause-effect relationships.
Describe Theory Building Case Studies.
Case studies that help build theories.
Define Epidemiological Research.
The study of frequency and distribution of an illness in a population.
Describe the Correlational Method.
Comparing variables and the relationship between them.
Define Statistical Significance.
A result that most likely is not due to chance.
Describe Experiments (experimental method).
Manipulation of an independent variable, measurement of a dependent variable, and random assignment of participants.
Which Disorders are included in Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRD).
OCD, Hoarding Disorder, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Trichotillomania, Excoriation Disorder.
Define Obsession.
Intrusive and recurring thoughts.
Define Compulsion.
The impulse to repeat and irrational act over and over again.
Define Prospective Memory.
The ability to look forward, and remember to perform a required or intended action at the right place or time.
Define Retrospective Memory.
The ability to remember events and experiences that have already occurred.
What is the Behavioural Approach to OCD?
Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) – exposing oneself to the situation, then refraining from the usual response.
What is the Cognitive Approach to OCD?
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) – modifying dysfunctional beliefs, which then affects behaviours.
What is the Biological Approach to OCD?
Medications or Brain Surgery (removal of white matter)
What is the Psychoanalytic Approach to OCD.
Lifting repression to allow for confrontation with the “real” fears.
What are the Causes and Treatments for Hoarding?
Causes: genetics, issues in cognition.
Treatments: pharmacotherapy, CBT.
What are the Causes and Treatments for Body Dysmorphic Disorder?
Causes: genetics, issues in cognitive and emotional processing.
Treatments: pharmacotherapy, CBT.
What are the Causes and Treatments for Trichotillomania & Excoriation?
Causes: genetics, differences in brain structure.
Treatments: Habit Reversal Training, pharmacotherapy
