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FALL 2022 > Abnormal Psychology Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Abnormal Psychology Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Abnormal.

A

Anything that deviates from the norm.

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2
Q

What are the five Aspects of Behaviour?

A

Statistical Infrequency
Violation of Norms
Personal Suffering
Disability of Dysfunction
Unexpectedness

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3
Q

Describe Statistical Infrequency.

A

Falling on either side of the bell curve.
(not negative or positive)

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4
Q

Describe Violation of Norms.

A

Being completely different from the norm.
(can depend on socio-cultural aspects)

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5
Q

Describe Personal Suffering.

A

Is the behaviour causing this person (or the people around them) any distress?

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6
Q

Describe Disability or Dysfunction.

A

Is the behaviour causing any impairment?

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7
Q

Describe Unexpectedness.

A

Are the behaviours or responses “normal” for the stimulus?

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8
Q

Define Early Demonology.

A

The idea that a person who behaves strangely (seemingly beyond their control) has been frowned upon by the gods or possessed by devils or demons.

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9
Q

Define Trepanning.

A

A medical process in which a hole is put into the skull, to allow evil spirits to escape.

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10
Q

Define Somatogenesis.

A

The idea that something wrong with the body will affect thoughts and actions.

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11
Q

Define Psychogenesis.

A

The idea that cognitive and behavioural disturbances stem from the mind.

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12
Q

Define Community Psychology.

A

A branch of psychology in which the psychologist actively seeks out problems and potential problems.

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13
Q

Define the Cathartic Method.

A

Experiencing Catharsis.

Catharsis is the experience of reliving a traumatic even and relieving the emotional tension.

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14
Q

Define a Community Treatment Order (CTO).

A

A Community Treatment Order is a document specifying the terms for of treatment that must be followed for a mentally-ill person to be released into the community.

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15
Q

Define General Paresis.

A

Mental illness characterized by paralysis, insanity, and death within 5 years (typically). Caused by syphilis of the brain.

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16
Q

Define Transinstitutionalization.

A

When people with mental health issues are moved from one institution to another.

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17
Q

Define Deinstitutionalization.

A

When people with mental health issues are taken out of institutions and put back into the community/society.

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18
Q

Define Scientific Inquiry.

A

The ways in which scientists study the world, create explanations, and answer questions.

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19
Q

What is a Paradigm?

A

A pattern or model.

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20
Q

Describe the Cognitive Paradigm.

A

A person is best understood by studying how they perceive and structure their experiences.

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21
Q

Describe the Biological Paradigm.

A

Mental disorders are caused by biological disorders. Also called the Medical Model or the Disease Model.

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22
Q

Describe Behaviour Genetics and the four methods of study.

A

Behaviour Genetics is the study of individual behavioural differences that can be attributed to differences in genetic makeup.

The Family Method
The Twin Method
The Adoptees Method
Linkage Analysis

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23
Q

Define the Familial Method.

A

The Familial Method can be used to study genetic predisposition in members of a family.

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24
Q

Define the Twin Method.

A

The Twin Method typically occurs after diagnosis of one twin, then they search for the presence of disorder in the other twin.

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25
Q

Define the Adoptees Method.

A

Children who have been adopted and raised apart from their birth parents are studied.

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26
Q

Define Linkage Analysis.

A

Linkage analysis is a method used to study people, inheritance patterns of genetics (genetic markers). Mostly used in cases where a disorder is heavily concentrated in a family.

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27
Q

Define Concordance.

A

The similarity in diagnosis or in traits within twins.

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28
Q

Describe Brief Therapy.

A

Time-limited psychotherapy.

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29
Q

Describe the Biopsychosocial Paradigm.

A

All behaviour (normal and abnormal) is caused by biological, psychological, and social factors.

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30
Q

Describe Client-Centred Therapy.

A

Understanding the clients subjective experiences, gaining awareness of motivations for behaviour, and foster the client’s potential.

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31
Q

Describe the Humanistic Paradigm.

A

Freedom to choose and personal responsibility, treatment with empathy and positive regard.

recall: client-centred therapy

32
Q

What is the main implication of paradigms?

A

They limit where and how investigators look for answers, and not all scientists follow the same paradigm.

33
Q

Describe the Diathesis-Stress Paradigm.

A

People are predisposed to react adversely to environmental stressors.

34
Q

What is the Healthy Immigrant Effect?

A

The phenomenon that immigrants have less health-problems than Canadian-born people.

35
Q

Define Inter-Rater Reliability.

A

The relationship between the judgements raters make on a phenomenon.

36
Q

Define Test-Retest Reliability.

A

How being observed or taking the same test multiple times score in the same way.

37
Q

Define Alternate-Form Reliability.

A

The consistency of test results between two different, but equivalent, forms of a test.

38
Q

Define Internal Consistency Reliability.

A

The degree to which items on a test are related to each other.

39
Q

Define Content Validity.

A

The degree to which a measure samples the domain of interest.

40
Q

Define Criterion Validity.

A

The degree in which a measure is associated with another measure (the criterion).

41
Q

Define Construct Validity.

A

The extent to which scores on an assessment relate to a theory or hypothesis.

42
Q

Define Case Validity.

A

The extent to which a case encompasses the influences that contribute to distress and dysfunction.

43
Q

Define Clinical Interview.

A

A conversation between clinician and client, to determine diagnosis, history, causes and treatment.

44
Q

Define Structured Interviews.

A

An interview with a predetermined set of questions, to help make decisions based on standardized criteria.

45
Q

Describe an Evidence Based Assessment.

A

The selection of assessment measures based on research evidence of reliability and validity.

46
Q

Define Diagnosis. Why is it important?

A

The determination that a person’s set of symptoms indicates a specific disorder.

47
Q

What is the DSM-5?

A

The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

48
Q

Define Comorbidity.

A

The occurrence of two disorders in one person.

49
Q

Define Dimensional Classification.

A

A method of assessment where a person is placed on a continuum.

50
Q

Define Kappa.

A

A statistic reflecting how much multiple raters select the same category.

51
Q

Define Analogue Experiments.

A

The study of a phenomenon related to the actual interests of the investigator.

52
Q

Define Classificatory Variables.

A

The characteristics people bring with them into investigations. (ie. sex, age, marital status…)

53
Q

Describe a Double-Blind Procedure.

A

A form of the experimental method where neither participant nor experimental is aware of the presence of the independant variable.

54
Q

Define Incidence.

A

The rate of which new cases occur in a given time or place.

55
Q

Define Latent Class Growth Analysis.

A

A statistical technique that examines groups by developmental trajectories.

56
Q

Define Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Meta-Analysis.

A

Meta-Analysis: A method of summarizing many studies for analyzing and comparisons.

Meta-Meta-Analysis: The combination of multiple Meta-Analyses.

57
Q

Define Prevalence.

A

The percentage of a population that has a disorder at a given time.

58
Q

Define Reversal (ABAB).

A

An experimental method in which behaviour is measured four times, twice at baseline (A), and twice during treatment (B), to isolate cause-effect relationships.

59
Q

Describe Theory Building Case Studies.

A

Case studies that help build theories.

60
Q

Define Epidemiological Research.

A

The study of frequency and distribution of an illness in a population.

61
Q

Describe the Correlational Method.

A

Comparing variables and the relationship between them.

62
Q

Define Statistical Significance.

A

A result that most likely is not due to chance.

63
Q

Describe Experiments (experimental method).

A

Manipulation of an independent variable, measurement of a dependent variable, and random assignment of participants.

64
Q

Which Disorders are included in Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRD).

A

OCD, Hoarding Disorder, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Trichotillomania, Excoriation Disorder.

65
Q

Define Obsession.

A

Intrusive and recurring thoughts.

66
Q

Define Compulsion.

A

The impulse to repeat and irrational act over and over again.

67
Q

Define Prospective Memory.

A

The ability to look forward, and remember to perform a required or intended action at the right place or time.

68
Q

Define Retrospective Memory.

A

The ability to remember events and experiences that have already occurred.

69
Q

What is the Behavioural Approach to OCD?

A

Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) – exposing oneself to the situation, then refraining from the usual response.

70
Q

What is the Cognitive Approach to OCD?

A

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) – modifying dysfunctional beliefs, which then affects behaviours.

71
Q

What is the Biological Approach to OCD?

A

Medications or Brain Surgery (removal of white matter)

72
Q

What is the Psychoanalytic Approach to OCD.

A

Lifting repression to allow for confrontation with the “real” fears.

73
Q

What are the Causes and Treatments for Hoarding?

A

Causes: genetics, issues in cognition.

Treatments: pharmacotherapy, CBT.

74
Q

What are the Causes and Treatments for Body Dysmorphic Disorder?

A

Causes: genetics, issues in cognitive and emotional processing.

Treatments: pharmacotherapy, CBT.

75
Q

What are the Causes and Treatments for Trichotillomania & Excoriation?

A

Causes: genetics, differences in brain structure.

Treatments: Habit Reversal Training, pharmacotherapy

FALL 2022 (6 decks)

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