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FALL 2022 > Abnormal Psychology Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Abnormal Psychology Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does ‘soma’ mean?

A

Soma means Body.

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2
Q

Describe a Pain Disorder.

A

Physical pain is caused by psychological factors.

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3
Q

Describe Body Dysmorphic Disorder.

A

Mental representations of the body are greatly exaggerated.

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4
Q

Describe Hypochondriasis.

A

Obsession or fear over having a serious illness.

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5
Q

Describe a Conversion Disorder.

A

Sensory or Motor symptoms without any physical cause.

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6
Q

Describe Somatization.

A

Physical issues with no physical cause.

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7
Q

Define Malingering, Factitious Disorder, and La Belle Indifférence.

A

Malingering is faking to avoid a responsibility.

Factitious Disorder is faking to appear to have the illness.

La Belle Indifferérence is the stoicism toward the symptoms of the alleged illness.

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8
Q

Explain Hysteria.

A

Hysteria was the early Conversion Disorder, originally thought to only be found in women.

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9
Q

What is the Psychoanalytic Theory of Conversion Disorders.

A

It is caused when a person experiences something traumatic.

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10
Q

What is the Behavioural Theory of Conversion Disorders?

A

This occurs when a person is trying to achieve some outcome, eg. malingering.

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11
Q

List the Therapies for Somatoform Disorders.

A

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Psychotherapy are the most effective.

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12
Q

Explain Dissociative Disorders.

A

Disorders which create changes in a person’s identity, memory, or consciousness.

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13
Q

Explain Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Fugue.

A

Memory loss after a traumatic event. Significantly more in the case of Dissociative Fugue.

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14
Q

Explain Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder.

A

A person’s perception of self is altered.

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15
Q

Explain Dissociative Identity Disorder.

A

Having two or more states – alters– which exist separate from each other (aside from the body).

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16
Q

What are the two models of Dissociative Disorders?

A

Trauma Model of Dissociation:
It stems from extreme trauma present in childhood, and alters are a way to escape the trauma.

Fantasy Model of Dissociation:
It stems from the tendency to engage in fantasy.

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16
Q

What are the two models of Dissociative Disorders?

A

Trauma Model of Dissociation:
It stems from extreme trauma present in childhood, and alters are a way to escape the trauma.

Fantasy Model of Dissociation:
It stems from the tendency to engage in fantasy.

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17
Q

What is the most common “treatment” for Dissociative Disorders?

A

Therapies to understand the anxieties under the dissociation, and integrate the personalities.

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18
Q

Define Anaesthesias.

A

A state of temporary (even if it’s long lasting) paralysis or loss of sensation.

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19
Q

Explain Mood Disorders.

A

Disorders characterized by abnormal emotions and emotional states.

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20
Q

Describe Depression (Major Depressive Disorder).

A

An emotional state of sadness, worthlessness and guilt.

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21
Q

Describe Mania.

A

An emotional state of intense and irrational happiness, a delusions of grandeur.

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22
Q

Describe Ruminative Coping vs. Brooding.

A

Ruminative Coping is focusing on the depressive symptoms.

Brooding is the maladaptive (unhelpful) version of rumination.

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23
Q

Describe Bipolar Disorder I and II.

A

Bipolar I is a milder version of Bipolar II, which consists of both Hypomanic (less manic than Mania) and Major Depressive states (called a mixed episode).

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24
What is the Psychoanalytic Theory of Depression?
Stemming from too much or too little dependancy in childhood, after rejection or loss an adult will develop the symptoms of depression.
25
What is the Congruency Hypothesis?
Similar to the Diathesis–Stress Approach. If a person experiences a life event that matches their vulnerability, that will result in depression.
26
What is Beck's Theory of Depression?
In their childhood/adolescence, the person has acquired a negative schema through a traumatic event and future situations remind them of this schema, resulting in depressive interpretations of the world.
27
What is the Depressive Paradox?
Learned Helplessness (feeling like you can't control anything), but also thinking everything is your fault.
28
What is the Interpersonal Theory of Depression?
Depressed people tend to have fewer social relationships, but still seek the reassurance of others.
29
Describe Cyclothymic Disorder.
Bipolar symptoms, but so mild it cannot be qualified as Bipolar I or II.
30
Describe Persistent Depressive Disorder.
Chronic depression lasting at least 2 years.
31
Describe Double Depression.
Persistent Depressive Disorder symptoms + Major Depressive Disorder symptoms.
32
What neurotransmitters/hormones affect Bipolar Disorder?
Serotonin and Norepinephrine (high when manic, low when depressed).
33
What neurotransmitters/hormones affect Depression?
High Cortisol and Low Serotonin.
34
What are the two general therapies for mood disorders?
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and Drug Therapy.
35
What are four drug therapies for mood disorders?
Tricyclic Antidepressants (every side effect) MAO Inhibitors (hypertension, dizziness, nausea) SSRIs (nervousness, insomnia, fatigue) Lithium (tremors, arrythmia, death)
36
What does STAR*D stand for.
Sequence Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression.
37
What does EDNOS stand for?
Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified.
38
What is Amenorrhea?
The loss of one's period due to an eating disorder.
39
What is a BMI?
A scale of measurement in which a persons weight and height are measured in a way that can be categorized.
40
What is the Lateral Hypothalamus associated with?
Appetite.
41
What is Diagnostic Crossover?
When a person's symptoms no longer represents the current diagnosis, but has shifted to another.
42
What is the Scarlett O'Hara Effect?
Eating lightly to project femininity.
43
Explain Social Comparison Orientation.
A personality trait in which a person is more likely to compare themselves with others.
44
What are some factors that can cause Eating Disorders?
Literally everything. Biological, Developmental, Psychological, and Social.
45
Define Alogia.
Lack of speech (not because of a person being generally quiet).
46
Define Anhedonia.
A symptom of Schizophrenia in which a person cannot feel pleasure.
47
Define Avolition.
A negative symptom of Schizophrenia where a person lacks drive.
48
Define Catatonic Immobility and Waxy Flexibility.
Catatonic Immobility is a physical state where one position is maintained for a long period of time. Waxy Flexibility is a part of Catatonic Immobility where a person's body can be moved into position and will stay that way for long periods of time.
49
What are the 5 types of Schizophrenia?
Catatonic – bouncing between immobility and agitation Disorganized – widespread regressive symptoms Undifferentiated – general symptoms but no specific diagnosis Paranoid – heavy presence of delusions Residual – previously diagnosed, but no longer meets the criteria
50
Define Expressed Emotion.
Hostility or criticism the client received from others.
51
Explain Positive vs. Negative Symptoms.
Positive means an excess of behaviours, negative means a deficit.
52
What is the Social Selection Theory?
People with Schizophrenia move down in social status.
53
Explain what a Schizophrenogenic Mother is.
Previously believe to be a cause of Schizophrenia, this mother was cold and shady/messy.
54
What is the Dopamine Theory.
The idea that Schizophrenia is caused by increased Dopamine.
55
Explain Delusional Disorder.
A person has significant delusions and delusional jealousy, but has no disordered thought.
56
What is Dementia Praecox?
An old name for Schizophrenia, believed to be incurable and begins in adolescence.
57
Explain Flat Affect.
When there is no visual or emotional response to stimulus.
58
Explain Inappropriate Effect.
An emotional reaction that does not match the stimulus (ie. sincerely laughing at bad news).
59
Describe the Sociogenic Hypothesis.
The cause of some disorders can be caused by social class.
60
Explain Social Distance.
  A measure of stigma, determined by how close a person is willing to get to someone who has a disorder.
61
Describe Loose Association.
Derailment. Not being able to maintain a cohesive train of thought.
62
What are some causes of Schizophrenia?
A little bit of everything (the Biopsychosocial Model).
63
What are some treatments for Schizophrenia?
Antipsychotics are the most effective (phenothiazines, clozapine, etc.).
64
Define Structural Social Support.
Basic network of ssocial relationships.
65
Explain Functional Social Support.
The quality of social relationships.
66
Define Emotional Support.
Being cared for by others.
67
Explain Instrumental Support.
Support in more tangible ways.
68
Describe Health Psychology (similar to Behavioural Medicine) and the Stress-Illness Link.
The study of Psychophysiological Disorders. The Stress-Illness link is the idea that Stress creates or worsens illness.
69
Explain the Somatic-Weakness Theory.
Weakness occurring in a specific organ.
70
Explain Specific Reaction Theory.
Individual response to stress is unusual.
71
What are the three clumps of PTSD symptoms?
Intrusion Symptoms (event-related) Persistent Avoidance Alterations in Reactivity and Arousal
72
What is the Psychological Theory of PTSD?
PTSD comes from Classical Conditioning effects stacked up.
73
What is the Cognitive Theory of PTSD?
PTSD is caused by a disorder of memory.
74
What is the Noradrenergic System?
The Central Nervous System.
75
What does the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) outline?
The effect that sustained stress has on our body (illness).
76
What are the two kinds of stressors?
Psychogenic (Psychological) and Neurogenic (Physical).
77
What are the two parts of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems.
78
What is the difference between the Autonomic and The Somatic Nervous System?
The Autonomic System is involuntary, while the Somatic System can be controlled.
79
What is the Allostatic Load?
The effect prolonged, intense stress has on the body.
80
Define Vital Exhaustion.
Extreme burnout.
81
What is the Goodness of Fit Hypothesis?
The adaptivity and effectiveness of a coping response depends on how well the response matches the problem.
82
What is the Anger-In Theory?
Stress Illnesses occur when anger is not expressed.
83
What are the two largest symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease?
Angina Pectoris (chest pain) and Myocardial Infarction (heart attack).
84
What is Eustress?
Pleasant Stress, coined by Selye.
85
What is Palliative Coping?
Responding to issues in a way meant to soothe the self.
86
What is the Social Gradient of Health?
The link between being poor and being sick.
87
What is Perservative Cognition and the Perservative Cognition Hypothesis?
Perservative Cognition is the experience of ruminative thoughts. The hypothesis is that engaging in this thought prolongs the stress response.

FALL 2022 (6 decks)

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