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FALL 2022 > Abnormal Psychology Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Abnormal Psychology Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does ‘soma’ mean?

A

Soma means Body.

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2
Q

Describe a Pain Disorder.

A

Physical pain is caused by psychological factors.

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3
Q

Describe Body Dysmorphic Disorder.

A

Mental representations of the body are greatly exaggerated.

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4
Q

Describe Hypochondriasis.

A

Obsession or fear over having a serious illness.

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5
Q

Describe a Conversion Disorder.

A

Sensory or Motor symptoms without any physical cause.

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6
Q

Describe Somatization.

A

Physical issues with no physical cause.

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7
Q

Define Malingering, Factitious Disorder, and La Belle Indifférence.

A

Malingering is faking to avoid a responsibility.

Factitious Disorder is faking to appear to have the illness.

La Belle Indifferérence is the stoicism toward the symptoms of the alleged illness.

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8
Q

Explain Hysteria.

A

Hysteria was the early Conversion Disorder, originally thought to only be found in women.

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9
Q

What is the Psychoanalytic Theory of Conversion Disorders.

A

It is caused when a person experiences something traumatic.

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10
Q

What is the Behavioural Theory of Conversion Disorders?

A

This occurs when a person is trying to achieve some outcome, eg. malingering.

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11
Q

List the Therapies for Somatoform Disorders.

A

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Psychotherapy are the most effective.

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12
Q

Explain Dissociative Disorders.

A

Disorders which create changes in a person’s identity, memory, or consciousness.

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13
Q

Explain Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Fugue.

A

Memory loss after a traumatic event. Significantly more in the case of Dissociative Fugue.

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14
Q

Explain Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder.

A

A person’s perception of self is altered.

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15
Q

Explain Dissociative Identity Disorder.

A

Having two or more states – alters– which exist separate from each other (aside from the body).

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16
Q

What are the two models of Dissociative Disorders?

A

Trauma Model of Dissociation:
It stems from extreme trauma present in childhood, and alters are a way to escape the trauma.

Fantasy Model of Dissociation:
It stems from the tendency to engage in fantasy.

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16
Q

What are the two models of Dissociative Disorders?

A

Trauma Model of Dissociation:
It stems from extreme trauma present in childhood, and alters are a way to escape the trauma.

Fantasy Model of Dissociation:
It stems from the tendency to engage in fantasy.

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17
Q

What is the most common “treatment” for Dissociative Disorders?

A

Therapies to understand the anxieties under the dissociation, and integrate the personalities.

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18
Q

Define Anaesthesias.

A

A state of temporary (even if it’s long lasting) paralysis or loss of sensation.

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19
Q

Explain Mood Disorders.

A

Disorders characterized by abnormal emotions and emotional states.

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20
Q

Describe Depression (Major Depressive Disorder).

A

An emotional state of sadness, worthlessness and guilt.

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21
Q

Describe Mania.

A

An emotional state of intense and irrational happiness, a delusions of grandeur.

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22
Q

Describe Ruminative Coping vs. Brooding.

A

Ruminative Coping is focusing on the depressive symptoms.

Brooding is the maladaptive (unhelpful) version of rumination.

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23
Q

Describe Bipolar Disorder I and II.

A

Bipolar I is a milder version of Bipolar II, which consists of both Hypomanic (less manic than Mania) and Major Depressive states (called a mixed episode).

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24
Q

What is the Psychoanalytic Theory of Depression?

A

Stemming from too much or too little dependancy in childhood, after rejection or loss an adult will develop the symptoms of depression.

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25
Q

What is the Congruency Hypothesis?

A

Similar to the Diathesis–Stress Approach. If a person experiences a life event that matches their vulnerability, that will result in depression.

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26
Q

What is Beck’s Theory of Depression?

A

In their childhood/adolescence, the person has acquired a negative schema through a traumatic event and future situations remind them of this schema, resulting in depressive interpretations of the world.

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27
Q

What is the Depressive Paradox?

A

Learned Helplessness (feeling like you can’t control anything), but also thinking everything is your fault.

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28
Q

What is the Interpersonal Theory of Depression?

A

Depressed people tend to have fewer social relationships, but still seek the reassurance of others.

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29
Q

Describe Cyclothymic Disorder.

A

Bipolar symptoms, but so mild it cannot be qualified as Bipolar I or II.

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30
Q

Describe Persistent Depressive Disorder.

A

Chronic depression lasting at least 2 years.

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31
Q

Describe Double Depression.

A

Persistent Depressive Disorder symptoms + Major Depressive Disorder symptoms.

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32
Q

What neurotransmitters/hormones affect Bipolar Disorder?

A

Serotonin and Norepinephrine (high when manic, low when depressed).

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33
Q

What neurotransmitters/hormones affect Depression?

A

High Cortisol and Low Serotonin.

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34
Q

What are the two general therapies for mood disorders?

A

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and Drug Therapy.

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35
Q

What are four drug therapies for mood disorders?

A

Tricyclic Antidepressants (every side effect)

MAO Inhibitors (hypertension, dizziness, nausea)

SSRIs (nervousness, insomnia, fatigue)

Lithium (tremors, arrythmia, death)

36
Q

What does STAR*D stand for.

A

Sequence Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression.

37
Q

What does EDNOS stand for?

A

Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified.

38
Q

What is Amenorrhea?

A

The loss of one’s period due to an eating disorder.

39
Q

What is a BMI?

A

A scale of measurement in which a persons weight and height are measured in a way that can be categorized.

40
Q

What is the Lateral Hypothalamus associated with?

A

Appetite.

41
Q

What is Diagnostic Crossover?

A

When a person’s symptoms no longer represents the current diagnosis, but has shifted to another.

42
Q

What is the Scarlett O’Hara Effect?

A

Eating lightly to project femininity.

43
Q

Explain Social Comparison Orientation.

A

A personality trait in which a person is more likely to compare themselves with others.

44
Q

What are some factors that can cause Eating Disorders?

A

Literally everything. Biological, Developmental, Psychological, and Social.

45
Q

Define Alogia.

A

Lack of speech (not because of a person being generally quiet).

46
Q

Define Anhedonia.

A

A symptom of Schizophrenia in which a person cannot feel pleasure.

47
Q

Define Avolition.

A

A negative symptom of Schizophrenia where a person lacks drive.

48
Q

Define Catatonic Immobility and Waxy Flexibility.

A

Catatonic Immobility is a physical state where one position is maintained for a long period of time.

Waxy Flexibility is a part of Catatonic Immobility where a person’s body can be moved into position and will stay that way for long periods of time.

49
Q

What are the 5 types of Schizophrenia?

A

Catatonic – bouncing between immobility and agitation

Disorganized –widespread regressive symptoms

Undifferentiated – general symptoms but no specific diagnosis

Paranoid – heavy presence of delusions

Residual – previously diagnosed, but no longer meets the criteria

50
Q

Define Expressed Emotion.

A

Hostility or criticism the client received from others.

51
Q

Explain Positive vs. Negative Symptoms.

A

Positive means an excess of behaviours, negative means a deficit.

52
Q

What is the Social Selection Theory?

A

People with Schizophrenia move down in social status.

53
Q

Explain what a Schizophrenogenic Mother is.

A

Previously believe to be a cause of Schizophrenia, this mother was cold and shady/messy.

54
Q

What is the Dopamine Theory.

A

The idea that Schizophrenia is caused by increased Dopamine.

55
Q

Explain Delusional Disorder.

A

A person has significant delusions and delusional jealousy, but has no disordered thought.

56
Q

What is Dementia Praecox?

A

An old name for Schizophrenia, believed to be incurable and begins in adolescence.

57
Q

Explain Flat Affect.

A

When there is no visual or emotional response to stimulus.

58
Q

Explain Inappropriate Effect.

A

An emotional reaction that does not match the stimulus (ie. sincerely laughing at bad news).

59
Q

Describe the Sociogenic Hypothesis.

A

The cause of some disorders can be caused by social class.

60
Q

Explain Social Distance.

A

A measure of stigma, determined by how close a person is willing to get to someone who has a disorder.

61
Q

Describe Loose Association.

A

Derailment. Not being able to maintain a cohesive train of thought.

62
Q

What are some causes of Schizophrenia?

A

A little bit of everything (the Biopsychosocial Model).

63
Q

What are some treatments for Schizophrenia?

A

Antipsychotics are the most effective (phenothiazines, clozapine, etc.).

64
Q

Define Structural Social Support.

A

Basic network of ssocial relationships.

65
Q

Explain Functional Social Support.

A

The quality of social relationships.

66
Q

Define Emotional Support.

A

Being cared for by others.

67
Q

Explain Instrumental Support.

A

Support in more tangible ways.

68
Q

Describe Health Psychology (similar to Behavioural Medicine) and the Stress-Illness Link.

A

The study of Psychophysiological Disorders. The Stress-Illness link is the idea that Stress creates or worsens illness.

69
Q

Explain the Somatic-Weakness Theory.

A

Weakness occurring in a specific organ.

70
Q

Explain Specific Reaction Theory.

A

Individual response to stress is unusual.

71
Q

What are the three clumps of PTSD symptoms?

A

Intrusion Symptoms (event-related)
Persistent Avoidance
Alterations in Reactivity and Arousal

72
Q

What is the Psychological Theory of PTSD?

A

PTSD comes from Classical Conditioning effects stacked up.

73
Q

What is the Cognitive Theory of PTSD?

A

PTSD is caused by a disorder of memory.

74
Q

What is the Noradrenergic System?

A

The Central Nervous System.

75
Q

What does the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) outline?

A

The effect that sustained stress has on our body (illness).

76
Q

What are the two kinds of stressors?

A

Psychogenic (Psychological) and Neurogenic (Physical).

77
Q

What are the two parts of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

A

The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems.

78
Q

What is the difference between the Autonomic and The Somatic Nervous System?

A

The Autonomic System is involuntary, while the Somatic System can be controlled.

79
Q

What is the Allostatic Load?

A

The effect prolonged, intense stress has on the body.

80
Q

Define Vital Exhaustion.

A

Extreme burnout.

81
Q

What is the Goodness of Fit Hypothesis?

A

The adaptivity and effectiveness of a coping response depends on how well the response matches the problem.

82
Q

What is the Anger-In Theory?

A

Stress Illnesses occur when anger is not expressed.

83
Q

What are the two largest symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease?

A

Angina Pectoris (chest pain) and Myocardial Infarction (heart attack).

84
Q

What is Eustress?

A

Pleasant Stress, coined by Selye.

85
Q

What is Palliative Coping?

A

Responding to issues in a way meant to soothe the self.

86
Q

What is the Social Gradient of Health?

A

The link between being poor and being sick.

87
Q

What is Perservative Cognition and the Perservative Cognition Hypothesis?

A

Perservative Cognition is the experience of ruminative thoughts.

The hypothesis is that engaging in this thought prolongs the stress response.

FALL 2022 (6 decks)

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