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FALL 2022 > Learning Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Learning Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Learning?

A

When an experience changes the way an animal reacts.

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2
Q

What are the Three Stages of Learning?

A

Before the Experiment.
During the Experiment.
After the Experiment.

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3
Q

What is Cognition?

A

The mental processes that create behaviour.

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4
Q

What do cognitive processes operate on?

A

Cognitive Processes operate on Mental Representations.

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5
Q

What is a Mental Representation?

A

Something in your brain that corresponds to something in the world.

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6
Q

How is the Experimental Method used to study cognition?

A

You cannot see cognition, so you get it to affect something observable.

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7
Q

What is a Confound?

A

A Confound is an external factor that can affect the results of an experiment.

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8
Q

Who came up with the Theory of Evolution, and what is it?
(two parts + name)

A

Charles Darwin – Natural Selection

  1. There are more people than the environment can support.
  2. Hereditary differences in ability lead to further differences in offspring.
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9
Q

What is Darwin’s Mental Continuity Argument?

A

The difference in the mind of humans and animals is comparable (degree, not kind) which is why we can learn about humans by studying rats.

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10
Q

What did Dian Fossey say about behaviour?

A

Evolving behaviour is difficult to study because behaviour does not fossilize.

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11
Q

What were Tryon’s Experiments about, and what were the findings?

A

Tryon’s Experiments were about Maze Rats.

Findings: Some skills/behaviours are at least partly genetic.

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12
Q

Define Anthropomorphism.

A

The assumption that animals use the same cognitive processes as humans.

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13
Q

What are the 3 ethical concerns regarding animal welfare?

A
  1. basic health and functioning
  2. affectional/emotional states of
  3. ability to perform important natural behaviours
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14
Q

Define the concept of an Ecological Niche?

A

Every animal evolves in its own environment with its own challenges, and they evolve to solve those challenges.

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15
Q

What are the 2 rules of General Processes?

A
  1. Don’t anthropomorphize.
  2. Don’t rank animals based on intelligence.
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16
Q

What is the General Process Approach?

A

There are only so many ways to solve a problem.

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17
Q

Define Associative Learning.

A

Learning that involves connection/association between two events.

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18
Q

What does Associative Learning predict.

A

The presence or absence of a stimulus or event.

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19
Q

Explain Classical Conditioning.
(two parts + example)

A

Classical Conditioning ie. Pavlovian Dog Experiment

– involuntary
– controlled by the experimenter

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20
Q

Explain Operant Conditioning.
(two parts + example)

A

Operant Conditioning ie. Rat Box Experiment

– voluntary
– controlled by the subject

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21
Q

What is the Evolutionary Perspective?
(three parts)

A
  1. Learning helps us adapt over time.
  2. Lifetime, not generation.
  3. Survival of the fittest.
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22
Q

What can Behaviour be the result of?
(three parts)

A
  1. Genes + Environment
  2. Solely Genes
  3. Solely Environment
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23
Q

What is a Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)?

A

A sequence of actions that are innate and the same every time.
ie. knee-jerk reaction or yawning

24
Q

What is Contrafreeloading?

A

The concept of animals working harder than necessary for a reward.

25
Q

What is a Midsession Reversal?

A

When the correct option in an experiment becomes incorrect halfway through.

26
Q

Why do experiments need to be ecologically valid, and what is Preparedness?

A

Animals cannot just learn anything.
Preparedness: Evolution prepared animals to learn some things.

27
Q

What are the two types of Non-Associative Learning?

A

Habituation & Sensitization.

28
Q

What is Habituation?

A

Gradual decrease in response to stimuli.

29
Q

What is Sensitization?

A

Gradual increase in response to stimuli.

30
Q

What are the three relationships between Stimulus and Outcome?

A
  1. S predicts the arrival of O (appetitive or aversive)
  2. S predicts the absence of O (appetitive or aversive)
  3. S has no relationship to O
31
Q

What are the two kinds out outcomes?

A

Appetitive – something good.
Aversive – something bad.

32
Q

What is Truly Random Control?

A

Stimulus and Outcome occur at random times.

33
Q

What is Sign Tracking?

A

Animals innately approach good outcomes, and stimuli that predict good outcomes.

34
Q

What is the Law of Effect?

A

Behaviours followed by a reward are more likely to be repeated.

35
Q

Explain Positive Reinforcement/Reward.

A

Response causes an appetitive Outcome to occur.

36
Q

Explain Negative Reinforcement/Punishment.

A

Response causes an aversive Outcome to occur.

37
Q

Explain Omission Training.

A

Response prevents an appetitive Outcome from occurring.

38
Q

Explain Avoidance/Escape Learning.

A

Response prevents an aversive Outcome from occurring.

39
Q

Explain Shaping.

A

Animals can be taught complex actions one step at a time, by rewarding the behaviours closer to the desired action.

40
Q

Explain Contiguous vs. Contingent.

A

Contiguous – close together in time and space.
Contingent – depending on each other.

41
Q

Explain Marking vs. Blocking. vs Control.

A

Marking – indicating that the specific behaviour has impact
Blocking – delayed indication, making it difficult to tell which specific behaviour has impact
Control – no indication that a behaviour has impact

42
Q

Define Extinction.

A

Unlearning responses that no longer effect their environments/situation.

43
Q

Define Salience.

A

How prominent or detectable a stimulus/outcome is.

44
Q

Describe Excitatory Conditioning, and the four possible arrangements.

A

Conditioned Stimulus predicts the Unconditioned Stimulus.

  1. Delay ( CS –> US)
  2. Trace (CS… - trace interval - …US)
  3. Simultaneous (CS & US)
  4. Backwards (US –> CS)
45
Q

Explain Inhibition Conditioning.

A

Suppressing an existing response, but only in one context. Difficult to study.

46
Q

Define Conditioned Suppression.

A

Creating a behaviour to measure, so you can then measure the reduction of the behaviour.

47
Q

What is the Suppression Ratio?

A

Number of responses during (CS) OVER number of responses during (CS) PLUS number of responses before (CS).

48
Q

Define the numerical value of No Suppression, Perfect Suppression or Negative Suppression. How do we get that?

A

From the Suppression Ratio formula:

No Suppression = 0.5 or 50%
Perfect Suppression = 0 or 0%
Negative Suppression = 0.51+ or 51%+

49
Q

Explain Summation vs. Retardation Tests.

A

Both are used to determine whether a stimulus is a Conditioned Inhibitor.

Summation : testing the first CS on its own, then with an inhibitor, then a second CS on its own. if the second CS + inhibitor results in weaker response, then the inhibitor is inhibiting.

Retardation : testing whether previous learning slows down new learning. if yes, then the inhibitor is inhibiting.

50
Q

Explain Inhibition of Delay.

A

Animals can also learn intervals.

ie. yes buzzer = food, but buzzer (30 secs) means food at the END of the buzzer, therefore salivation begins 20 secs into the buzzer.

51
Q

Explain S-R Learning and S-S Learning.

A

Stimulus and Response (S-R) Learning is when the CS becomes a replacement for the US, thus triggering the UR (which becomes the CR). aka. Stimulus Substitution.

Stimulus and Stimulus (S-S) Learning is when the CS triggers a representation of the US, and the triggered response (CS) stems from the original response to the US (the UR).

52
Q

What is Second Order Conditioning?

A

When an animal learns about a Stimulus (Second Order Conditioned Stimulus or SOCS) that is not directly paired with the CS.

53
Q

What is the difference between Response Learning and Place Learning?

A

Response Learning occurs after a little training.
Place Learning occurs after a lot of training.

If certain parts of the brain are deactivated, Place reverts to Response.

54
Q

Define Overshadowing.

A

Overshadowing is when two stimulus’ are presented at the same time, and there is cue competition so the learning is inefficient.

55
Q

Define Blocking.

A

Blocking is when a second stimulus is introduced to the experiment, after the first CS has been learned. The knowledge of the first stimulus blocks the learning of the second stimulus.

56
Q

Define Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Revaluation.

A

Making the SAME stimulus more or less appealing, and the response should follow suit.

57
Q

Define Generalization.

A

Animals will respond to stimuli that are similar to trained ones. The more similar the stimuli, the stronger the response, and vice versa.

FALL 2022 (6 decks)

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