personality- exam2

Question 1

Freud’s Topographical Model

Answer 1

Conscious: accessible thoughts
Preconscious: easily retrievable information
Unconscious: hidden desires and fears

Question 2

Freud’s structural model

Answer 2

Id: unconscious, driven by pleasure principle, seeks immediate gratification
Ego: mediator, operates on reality principle, considers practicality
Superego: moral conscience, contains ideals and guilt

Question 3

psychoanalysis

Answer 3

Focuses on uncovering unconscious conflicts
Techniques: free association, dream analysis
Aims to resolve repressed thoughts causing psychological symptoms

Question 4

id, ego, superego

Answer 4

Id: primal urges and desires
Ego: balances between desires and reality
Superego: internalized societal rules and moral standards

Question 5

pleasure principle

Answer 5

Drives the id’s need for immediate gratification
Ignores long-term consequences and reality

Question 6

reality principle

Answer 6

Governs the ego
Delays gratification by considering reality and practicality

Question 7

freudian slips

Answer 7

Verbal or behavioral mistakes revealing unconscious desires
Example: saying “bed” instead of “bet” reflects hidden thoughts
Highlights the conflict between id and superego

Question 8

dream analysis

Answer 8

Manifest content: literal, conscious dream elements
Latent content: hidden, unconscious meaning behind the dream
Dreams act as disguised expressions of unconscious desires

Question 9

psychosexual stages

Answer 9

Oral stage: pleasure from the mouth (sucking, biting)
Anal stage: focus on bowel control (orderliness or messiness)
Phallic stage: focus on genitals; Oedipus complex emerges
Latency period: sexual impulses dormant
Genital stage: maturation of sexual interests

Question 10

fixation

Answer 10

Stuck in a particular psychosexual stage due to unresolved conflict
Example: fixation in the oral stage leads to adult oral habits

Question 11

oedipus complex

Answer 11

Child’s unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent
Resolved through identification with the same-sex parent

Question 12

defense mechanisms

Answer 12

Repression: blocking painful thoughts from awareness
Denial: refusing to acknowledge reality
Projection: attributing one’s own feelings to others
Reaction Formation: expressing the opposite of unacceptable impulses
Rationalization: justifying behaviors with plausible reasons
Displacement: shifting emotional impulses to a safer target
Sublimation: channeling unacceptable impulses into productive activities

Question 13

humanistic theories

Answer 13

Emphasizes personal growth and potential (Rogers)
Self-actualization: achieving one’s fullest potential (Maslow)
Focus on positive aspects of human nature

Question 14

real vs. ideal self

Answer 14

Real self: how you perceive yourself currently
Ideal self: how you would like to be
Incongruence: gap between real and ideal self; hinders self-actualization

Question 15

unconditional positive regard

Answer 15

Acceptance and love without conditions
Promotes healthy self-esteem and congruence

Question 16

conditional positive regard

Answer 16

Love and acceptance are based on behavior
Can lead to incongruence and self-esteem issues in the child

Question 17

self actualization

Answer 17

Reaching full potential by using talents and capacities
Final step in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Question 18

personality trait

Answer 18

Enduring characteristics influencing behavior
Traits describe consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions

Question 19

big five of personality

Answer 19

OCEAN: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

Question 20

big five explained

Answer 20

Extraversion: sociable, outgoing vs. reserved, introverted
Neuroticism: anxious, emotionally unstable vs. calm, stable
Agreeableness: cooperative, trusting vs. suspicious, antagonistic
Conscientiousness: organized, reliable vs. careless, disorganized
Imaginative, curious vs. practical, preferring routine
Reflects one’s openness to new experiences

Question 21

consistency of personality traits

Answer 21

Personality traits tend to be stable over time and across situations
Some traits are more consistent than others

Question 22

heritability of personality traits

Answer 22

Personality traits are partially inherited
Openness and Extraversion have higher heritability than other traits

Question 23

cognitive social learning theory

Answer 23

Personality shaped by interaction of personal traits, behavior, and environment
Reciprocal determinism: traits, environment, and behavior influence each other

Question 24

self efficacy

Answer 24

Belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations (Bandura)
High self-efficacy leads to persistence and success

Question 25

self esteem

Answer 25

Overall sense of self-worth and personal value
Affects confidence and resilience

Question 26

locus of control

Answer 26

Internal: belief that you control your destiny
External: belief that outside forces determine your fate