intelligence- exam2 Flashcards
Galton
Who? English scientist and Darwin’s cousin.
Contribution? Pioneer of intelligence research, proposing that intelligence is inherited.
Binet
Who? French psychologist tasked with identifying children needing special education.
Contribution? Developed the concept of “mental age,” leading to the Stanford-Binet test.
Mental age
Definition? A measure of intelligence where a child’s ability is compared to average performance by age.
Stanford-Binet test
Formula? IQ = (Mental age / Chronological age) * 100.
Importance? Standardized IQ test used in schools and later IQ validations.
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale
Purpose? A widely used intelligence test for adults, which introduced “deviation IQ.”
Deviation IQ
Definition? Wechsler’s approach to scoring based on comparison to same-age norms rather than mental vs. chronological age.
Properties of IQ’s (ordinal scale, etc)
Key Feature? IQ is not an absolute score but ranks individuals based on relative performance.
- ordinal scale: ranking people from lowest to highest
G or general intelligence- Spearman
Theory? Intelligence as a single factor, “g,” that influences performance on various cognitive tasks.
Bell curve/normal distribution
Purpose? IQ scores typically follow a normal distribution, with most scores clustering around the mean (IQ 100).
Reliability/validity
Reliability? The consistency of test results over time or in alternative formats.
Validity? The degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure (e.g., predictive validity in school performance).
do IQ scores predict school and job performance?
yes
Spearman
Theory? Intelligence as a single factor, “g,” that influences performance on various cognitive tasks.
Howard Gardner
Who? Developer of the Theory of Multiple Intelligences.
Key Idea? Intelligence is not one single ability but multiple distinct types.
Theory of multiple intelligences
Gardner’s Types? Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal.
Evidence? Observations of savants and individuals with Williams syndrome, who show strengths in specific areas.
Williams syndrome
Characteristics? Strong in language, music, social skills; weak in spatial and mathematical skills.
