Exam 2 - Development pt 2

Question 1

attachment

Answer 1

• important survival value
• species-specific forms (imprinting in ducks, bonding in humans)
• triggered by releaser stimuli (characteristics or behavior of caretaker)
• demonstrated across all human cultures

Question 2

Harlow’s studies of attachment in monkeyw

Answer 2

• comforting properties of cloth surrogates

Question 3

strange situation (Ainsworth)- method

Answer 3

test for attachment: mother and child observed in a playroom
1. initial mother/child interaction
2. mother leaves infant alone in playroom
3. friendly stranger (not scary) enters playroom
4. mother returns and greets child
5. see how child reacts to stranger and how he/she reactions when mom returns

Question 4

strange situation (Ainsworth)- findings

Answer 4

• separation anxiety: fear reaction when the primary caregiver is absent (mother leaves room)
• seen across all cultures
• corresponds with development of object permanence
• stranger anxiety: fear of stranger who walks in room
• beings at about 6 mo of age, younger kdis not afraid
• peaks at about 1 year of age, then declines
• doesn’t occur with other similar age kids, only adults and older kids
• greatest in unfamiliar settings
• seen in all cultures

Question 5

secure attachment

Answer 5

parent-infant relationship in which the baby is secure when the parent is present, distressed by separation, delighted by reunion

Question 6

insecure attachment

Answer 6

*two types
- resistant: baby clings to parent, cries at separation, and reacts with anger to reunion
avoidant: doesn’t care if mom leaves, doesn’t react when she returns

Question 7

Bowlby’s theory

Answer 7

infants who are securely attached at 1 y.o are more popular, self-assured, and socially skilled in school.

attachment experiences influence perceptions of others and later social relationships
- may fail to thrive or create social bonds if attachment is absent

Question 8

delayed gratification

Answer 8

ability to resist temptation for an immediate reward and wait for a later reward

linked to: academic success, physical and psychological health, social skills, patience, willpower, self control

Question 9

adolescence

Answer 9

period between childhood and full adulthood. transitional period. our society: ages 13 to 20.

Question 10

Marshmallow test

Answer 10

Test of delayed gratification

• self imposed waiting
• wait 7 minutes longer for a larger food reward
• measured by time waited
• mean: 4.5 minutes, SD: 3 min

Question 11

adolescence vs. puberty

Answer 11

adolescence: culturally determine state between childhood and adulthood

puberty: start of sexual maturity, rising levels of sex hormones, development of secondary sex characteristics

Question 12

early and late maturation- girls vs. boys

Answer 12

early boys: more attractive to girls and adults, better in sports, taller and stronger, happier, more confident, do better in school

late boys: less good at sports, teased by peers, self-conscious about size and “manliness”

early girls: initially more self conscious, receive early sexual advances, end up shorter and heavier than late maturers

Question 13

imaginary audience

Answer 13

strong focus on self leads adolescents to feel that everyone else is focused on them as well

Question 14

personal fable

Answer 14

adolescents assume their thoughts and feelings are unique (no one has ever loved so deeply, etc)

Question 15

Kohlberg- moral reasoning

Answer 15

• resolving ethical dilemmas
• presents subject with dilemma, asked to reason it out
• found 3 stages of moral reasoning (w/sub stages get 6)
• big changes in adolescence

Question 16

Kohlberg- stages of moral development

Answer 16

Preconventional level:
1. stage 1: punishment avoidance is “right”
2. stage 2: whatever benefits the individual is “right”

conventional level:
3. stage 3: behavior that pleases others is “right”
4. stage 4: authorities and rules determine what’s “right”

post-conventional level:
5. stage 5: protecting society and the individual is “right” (found in urban cultures, uncommon in tribe and village societies)
6. stage 6: universal principles determine “right” (only 5-10% of people)

• stages 1-4 seem universal and invariant in order
• connection between moral reasoning and moral behavior is often indirect
• possible gender and cultural biases

Question 17

parents and teens

Answer 17

• kids value parents’ advice more than peers on life goals, religion, politics, morality, use of hard drugs
• peers more valued on questions of sex, music, styles, use of alcohol
• kids share parents’ views concerning personal values
• parental influence highest where there is a good parent-child relationship

Question 18

parents vs teens

Answer 18

they fight about chores the most, then interpersonal relations, regulating activities, personality characteristics, homework…

Question 19

erikson’s stages of development - trust vs. mistrust

Answer 19

infancy (1st year): if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

Question 20

erikson’s stages of development - autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Answer 20

toddler (2nd year): toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

Question 21

erikson’s stages of development - initiative vs. guilt

Answer 21

preschooler (3-5 years): preschoolers learn to initiate tasks are carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent

Question 22

erikson’s stages of development - competence vs. inferiority

Answer 22

elementary (6 years-puberty): children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to the task, or they feel inferior

Question 23

erikson’s stages of development - identity vs. role confusion

Answer 23

adolescence (teens-20s); identity vs. role confusion; teens work at refining sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or else they become confused about who they are

Question 24

erikson’s stages of development - intimacy vs isolation

Answer 24

young adult (20s-early 40s); intimacy vs. isolation: young adults struggle to form close relationships and gain intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

Question 25

erikson’s stages of development - generativity vs. stagnation

Answer 25

middle adult (40s-60s); generativity vs. stagnation: the middle aged discover a sense of contribution through the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

Question 26

erikson’s stages of development - integrity vs. despair

Answer 26

late adult (late 60s and up); integrity vs. despair: when reflecting on life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

Question 27

effects of aging

Answer 27

• social development: no midlife crisis
• vision, smell, hearing, reaction time, decline
• risk of dementia increases
• recalling new names is more difficult
• some skills are preserved: verbal intelligence scores stay the same with age while nonverbal intelligence scores decline

Question 28

crystallized intelligence

Answer 28

one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Question 29

fluid intelligence

Answer 29

one’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood