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PSY347 - Clinical 1 > Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Personality Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is personality?

A

Our tendency towards patterns of behaviours, emotions, cognition and interaction that show through regardless of the situation we are in

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2
Q

Being anxious before an exam is a ____

A

State

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3
Q

Being anxious all the time is a ____

A

Trait

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4
Q

When is personality viewed negatively?

A

When it doesn’t fit in with the world or its rules

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5
Q

Why is it problematic to define personality as a disorder?

A

Because we aren’t very good at agreeing on what is weird or not acceptable

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6
Q

Personality varies along ____

A

Dimensions

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7
Q

What is the problem with viewing personality disorders as a variation on a dimension?

A

How do we establish a cut off? Is the top 0.5% actually qualitatively different to the top 1%?
Does the bottom group also count as a disorder?

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8
Q

DSM-IV definition of personality disorder (APA, 1994)

A

An enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individuals’ culture

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9
Q

DSM-V definition of personality disorder (APA, 2013)

A

The impairments in personality functioning and the individuals personality trait expression are relatively stable across time and consistent across situations
The impairments are not better understood as normative for the individual’s development stage or socio-cultural environment
The impairments are not solely due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (misuse or medication) or a general medical condition (head trauma)

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10
Q

Did the DSM-5 change the number of personality disorders?

A

No, there are still 10 as they had too many arguments

BUT they added research proposals to allow for future potential change

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11
Q

Key issues in reaching a diagnosis

A

Diagnoses cannot be made in a single clinical meeting
Has to be independent of biological factors
Shouldn’t really diagnose in children as their personality is not yet stable
Needs to be a long-term presentation of symptoms

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12
Q

Three clusters of disorders

A 
The weird (odd/eccentric) Cluster A
The wild (dramatic/emotional) Cluster B
The wimpish (anxious/fearful) Cluster C
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13
Q

Odd/eccentric

A

Personality disorders with some schizophrenia like symptoms

Paranoid PD
Schizoid PD
Schizotypal PD

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14
Q

Dramatic/emotional

A

Personality disorders characterised by erratic and/or self-centred behaviours, emotions and thinking

Antisocial PD
Borderline PD
Narcissistic PD
Histrionic PD

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15
Q

Anxious/fearful

A

Personality disorders characterised by anxiety that is lifelong (not related to any trigger)

Avoidant PD
Dependent PD
Obsessive-compulsive PD

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16
Q

Paranoid PD

A

Pattern of distrust and suspiciousness

Resistant to challenge by others

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17
Q

Schizoid PD

A

Pattern of separation from social relationships

Limited emotional expression and experience

18
Q

Schizotypal PD

A

Pattern of eccentric ideas, magical thinking

19
Q

Antisocial PD

A

Pattern of disregard of others’ rights
Strong links to conduct disorder and criminality
Selfishness and lack of empathy

20
Q

Borderline PD

A

Pattern of unstable relationships, mood and behaviour

Efforts to control emotion (drink, self-harm) and avoid rejection

21
Q

Narcissistic PD

A

Pattern of overestimation of own abilities an accomplishments
Pervasive need for admiration, while not caring about others
Anger when not recognised for their specialness
Fragility of self-esteem

22
Q

Histrionic PD

A

Attention-seeking, need to be centre of attention
Dramatic behaviour, undue emotional expression
Exaggerated presentation

23
Q

Avoidant PD

A

Pattern of social avoidance

Inadequacy, and sensitivity to others’ views of them

24
Q

Dependent PD

A

Pattern of dependence on others’ care

Submissive, clingy, seek others’ approval/support

25
Q

Obsessive-compulsive PD

A

Pattern of excessive perfectionism - focus on doing the task well but forget the goal
Need for order, patterns and control
Performing the behaviour purely because there is a rule in their head

26
Q

How is obsessive-compulsive PD different from OCD?

A

In obsessive compulsive PD there is no consequence if they don’t perform the behaviour, they just do it
In OCD people perform behaviours because they think something bad will happen if they don’t

27
Q

Is the focus on prevalence or incidence in PDs and why?

A

The focus is on prevalence as there is not clear onset and therefore incidence rates are hard to work out

28
Q

Most reliable studies estimate a prevalence of ____?

A

10-15% for all personality disorders

29
Q

Why do the prevalence rate figures vary hugely?

A

Clinicians are human too and suffer from biases

Some use weak measures and overestimate the prevalence hugely and some use better ones

30
Q

Comorbidity

A

PDs suffer from a high rate of comorbidity

31
Q

What does high comorbidity lead us to think?

A

That PDs are not as distinct as it may appear and that they all interlink

32
Q

Is a personality disorder for life?

A

No, a large number of studies have shown that a large number of cases are not diagnosable a few years later

33
Q

Critique of thinking personality disorder diminishes with age

A

Newton-Howes (2015) argues that classification systems don’t take into account the roles played in later life and therefore it is harder to understand PDs in this age group (e.g. if a person is retired it doesn’t matter if they are able to hold down a job)
Personality disorders related to neuroticism or negative affect diminish over time and there is an increased representation of schizoid, schizotypal and paranoid presentations
Clinical diagnostic systems need to take a more lifespan view of the disorder to be able to adapt to changes in later life

34
Q

General risk factors for PD

A

Genetic links
Modest but there

Trauma
Sexual, physical and emotional abuse

Development of dysfunctional core beliefs
I am not loveable/worthy

35
Q

_____ of people with substance misuse problems have symptoms of personality disorder _____

A

35-55%

Bennett (2006)

36
Q

Why are PDs often assessed with a dimensional approach rather than a categorical one?

A

The characteristic and experiences of people with the disorders are not distinctly different from the normal population but are just extremes of the distribution as opposed to categorically different

37
Q

Is the dimensional model better at predicting outcomes compared to the categorical approach?

A

Yes
Ullrich et al., (2001) found that scores on personality tests were able to produce better predictions of subsequent offending behaviour than categorical diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder

38
Q

What is more reliable, categorical diagnosis or dimensional scores?

A

Dimensional scores have been shown to be more reliable across clinicians than categorical diagnosis (Heumann & Morey, 1990)

39
Q

How does schizotypal personality disorder differ from schizophrenia?

A

Schizophrenia is an episodic psychotic-based disorder

Schizotypal PD is grounded in long-term, fairly stable, development of personality (Bennett, 2006)
Symptoms are continuously and consistently presented that are long lasting, if not permanent

40
Q

Antisocial personality disorder hypothetical profile

A 
Lynam & Gudonis (2005) suggested that someone with antisocial PD would score low on all the dimensions of Costa & McCrae's (1995) 5 factor model of personality 
Low neuroticism 
Low conscientiousness 
Low agreeableness 
Low extroversion 
Low openness

PSY347 - Clinical 1 (9 decks)

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