Personality Disorders Flashcards
How is personality defined?
A persistent pattern of thinking and feeling and behaving that is pervasive across situations and enduring over time
What are the elements of the five factor model?
OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism)
How is Personality Disorder defined (Milton)?
Functional inflexibility, Self-defeating behaviour patterns, Tenuous stability under stress
How is Personality Disorder diagnosed?
DSM-5 defines personality disorders as: enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts
These patterns must differ from the individual’s cultural group and cause significant personal distress and impairment in functioning
What are the 3 different clusters of Personality Disorders?
Cluster A—odd or eccentric traits and behaviours
Cluster B—dramatic, emotional, erratic traits
Cluster C—anxious and fearful traits
What are the 10 distinct Personality Disorder Types?
Paranoid Schiziod Schizotypal Antisocial Borderline Histronic Narcissistic Avoidant Dependant Obsessive-compulsive
What is Beck’s cognitive model?
Role of dysfunctional core beliefs about themselves, others and the world
What are Factor Approaches to Personality Disorder?
Degree to which person demonstrates certain traits and combinations of traits
What is Schema Therapy?
Young’s schema therapy: an innovative, integrated therapeutic approach, originally developed as an expansion of traditional cognitive–behavioral treatments
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What is Dialectical Behaviour Therapy?
Help struggling individuals identify and positively change negative thinking patterns.
Biosocial model: due to interaction between biologically-based vulnerability and ‘invalidating’ environments
What is Ryle and Cognitive Analytic Therapy?
Links cognitive psychology with object relations approach
Reciprocal role procedures: complimentary patterns regarding how individual enacts in relationships
Therapy: helping the person to develop an understanding of these reciprocal role procedures
What is mentalisation-based treatment?
Integrates object relations theory and attachment theory…for borderline personality disorder
Mentalisation: the capacity to think about one’s mental state and the mental states of others
Therapeutic relationship used to stabilise sense of self
Enhance capacity to know their own mind and that of others
What are early-intervention programs?
Reluctance to make a diagnosis before 18 years of age but symptoms often begin during adolescence or early adulthood
Can promote more adaptive developmental pathways, reduce psychopathology, and improve general functioning
What causes Cluster A Disorders?
Genetically-based neurological abnormalities combined with certain environmental conditions, Predispose to developing odd, eccentric or psychotic features
What causes Antisocial Personality Disorder (Cluster B)?
Interaction between genetic vulnerability and adverse environmental conditions
What causes Borderline Personality Disorder (Cluster B)?
Role of genetics. Other biological influences, Strong association with psychosocial factors (e.g., childhood trauma)
How is Borderline Personality Disorder treated?
DBT as well as psychodynamic, CBT, schema therapy and cognitive analytic therapy
What causes Narcissistic Personality Disorder (Cluster B)?
Invalidated childhood experiences
How is Narcissistic Personality Disorder treated?
Tend not to seek help unless experiencing distress related to other difficulties
What causes Histrionic Personality Disorder (Cluster B)?
Role of inconsistent, intense and non-empathic parent child interactions
How is Histrionic Personality Disorder treated?
Are help seekers, Limited empirical work for treatments. CBT: for identifying and challenging assumptions about dependency on others
What causes Avoidant Personality Disorders (Cluster C)?
Modest genetic contribution, Childhood neglect and early rejection experiences
How is Avoidant Personality Disorder treated?
- Seek treatment for comorbid disorders (e.g., depression and anxiety)
- CBT, social skills training and psychodynamic therapies
- Behavioural techniques aimed at countering social avoidance
What causes Dependent Personality Disorders (Cluster C)?
Genetic predisposition or vulnerability
Early physical abuse may lead to DPD
How is Dependent Personality Disorder treated?
Schema therapy and DBT trials promising
Behavioural strategies for anxiety management
What causes obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
Moderate genetic contribution
Core beliefs regarding the intolerable nature of perceived faults or flaws
How is obsessive-compulsive personality disorder treated?
Seek help for comorbid anxiety or depression
Some support for CBT
What is the treatment for Cluster A Disorders?
Limited empirical evidence, Treatment difficulty due to intimacy and trust issues, CBT and some medications may be of benefit
How is Antisocial Personality Disorder Treatment?
Generally focuses on comorbid disorders (e.g., substance use) and risk management, Trials of mentalisation-based treatment, Debate about the use of antidepressants as well as lithium and antipsychotic medication (for impulsive and aggressive behaviours)
