Addictive Disorders Flashcards
How is Addictive Disorder diagnosed?
DSM-5 criteria to be diagnosed with a substance use disorder an
individual must show certain symptoms within a 12-
month period
These include such symptoms as: Consume large amounts, Large focus on obtaining, Strong cravings when the substance is absent, Desire to and often unsuccessful attempts at reducing
substance use, Negative impact on life roles, Negative impact on interpersonal functioning and
relationships
How is Tolerance evident in Substance Use Disorders?
Tolerance is evident by either:
a) a need for increased amounts of the substance to achieve
same effect, or
b) diminished effect for the same amount of substance
What is the most commonly used drug in Australia?
Alcohol
What is the disease model of addiction?
Describes addiction as a medical disorder in which a loss of control is
central
What do twin studies suggest about the development of substance use?
There is a strong genetic component in the development of substance use
disorder
What does incentive-sensitation theory propose?
Drugs and addiction change the areas of the brain responsible for
the incentive to use the drugs
What is the tri-dimensional personality theory?
Suggests that an interaction between three dimensions of
personality influences vulnerability to substance use:
These traits are:
- Novelty seeking
- Harm avoidance
- Reward dependence
What is the outcome expectancy theory of addiction?
Cognitive theory of addiction which states that an individual’s expectation of
positive consequences from substance use increases
propensity to use
What is the PRIME theory of addiction?
Plan, respond, motivate, invest and
evaluations
Teaches individual to focus on the moment
– Accounts for the effect of neural plasticity
– Addresses issues of identity and self-awareness
– Acknowledges that motivation is unstable
What influences substance use disorder?
Family functioning, parental modelling, low levels of
parental monitoring, and permissive or harsh
disciplinary approaches are linked to substance use
Cultural influences—availability, cost and the social
acceptability of substances influence use
How is Substance Use disorder treated?
Set up goals
Detoxification
Use of medications
CBT
How is Gambling Disorder diagnosed?
DSM-5 gambling disorder is defined as persistent
and recurrent problematic gambling behaviour
leading to impairment and distress
Criteria include a need to gamble with increasing
amounts of money, repeated unsuccessful attempts
to control gambling, preoccupation with gambling
and irritability when trying to cut back on gambling
What percentage of adolescents meet the criteria for pathological gambling?
5% which is 2–5 times the rate for adults
What personality factor is associated with problem gambling?
Impulsivity
How can family life contribute to the development of problem gambling?
Early negative childhood experiences can increase the chance of gambling problems
How is Withdrawal evident in Substance Use Disorders?
Withdrawal is evident by either:
a) a range of symptoms that emerge after cessation in use, or
b) taking a substance in order to alleviate these symptoms
When does substance use disorder predominantly occur?
Younger people
Does earlier first use of a drug increases the chance of
developing a substance use disorder in later life?
Yes
What percentage of those with a substance use disorder in Australia also have other mental disorders?
35%
Why are older people more susceptible to the effects of alcohol?
Increased mortality from falls, motor vehicle accidents and suicide
What percentage of Australian adults have been affected by the substance abuse of others?
Almost 75 per cent
What is the difference of prevalence of harmful alcohol use among
Indigenous Australians vs non-Indigenous Australians?
Estimated to be twice that of non-Indigenous
What is the Choice theory?
Position that addictive behaviours reflect a rational choice
What can substance abuse lead to?
Dependence on the brain’s reward system
What are the major reward systems?
The dopaminergic system and the endogenous opioid system
What does the inhibition dysregulation theory argue?
Addictions are the result of a failure of an inhibitory
system
What is relapse prevention theory?
Cognitive-behavioural theory of substance use that argues individuals in high-risk
situations will use substances if:
– They do not have appropriate coping strategies – They have positive expectations relating to the effects of the substance
– They have a low degree of self-efficacy
What is the male to female ratio of gamblers seeking treatment?
3:2
What motivates females to gamble?
Females are motivated by dealing with negative
emotional states
What motivates males to gamble?
Males are motivated by winning, excitement and
chasing losses
What percentage of problem gamblers begin before 20 years?
90%
Do cultural attitudes towards gambling and the availability of opportunities influence the chance of a gambling problem developing?
Yes
What is the integrated pathways model of Gambling?
Describes that gambling can start from behaviourally conditioned, emotionally
vulnerable, and biologically based problem gamblers
