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Adulthood & Aging > Personality Changes in Elderly > Flashcards

Personality Changes in Elderly Flashcards

1
Q

Personality is…

A

Relatively enduring styles of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize an individual

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2
Q

The biggest controversy in personality research is whether personality

A

stays stable or changes across the lifespan

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3
Q

This controversy is maintained due to (2)

A

oContradictory folk beliefs

oContradictory research findings

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4
Q

What are the 2 levels of analysis as outlined by McAdams?

A

Level 1: Traits

Level 2: Personal concerns

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5
Q

What are traits?

A

Enduring dispositions that show evidence of considerable genetic influence.

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6
Q

Trait theory focuses on the content of personality where the goal is to

A

identify and measure the most important traits

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7
Q

Traits theory does not (2):

A

discuss the origins of personality or try to tell the story of a person’s life

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8
Q

Trait theorists argue against considering what two things since traits are supposed to be stable across contexts and lifespan

A

context and experience

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9
Q

Traits are relatively

A

stable and enduring

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10
Q

Some traits are

A

more important than others

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11
Q

Personality traits exist on a

A

continuum

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12
Q

Which traits are most important? OCEAN?

A 
o	Openness to Experience 
o	Conscientiousness 
o	Extraversion 
o	Agreeableness 
o	Neuroticism
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13
Q

Each trait consists of 6

A

sub-traits or facets

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14
Q

What facets make up N? (6)

A

Facets (Emotions)
1. Anxiety – worry about things/relaxed most of the time
2. Hostile (anger) – get angry easily/rarely get irritated
3. Self-conscious – am easily intimidated/am not embarrassed easily
4. Depression – often feel blue/feel comfortable with myself
Facets (Behavior)
1. Impulsiveness – often eat too much/easily resist temptations
2. Vulnerability – panic easily/remain calm under pressure

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15
Q

These Facets make up what trait?

  1. Fantasy (imagination) – have a vivid imagination/seldom daydream
  2. Aesthetics (artistic interests) – believe in the importance of art/do not like poetry
  3. Action (adventurousness) – prefer variety to routine/dislike changes
  4. Ideas (intellect) – like complex problems/avoid philosophical discussions
  5. Values (liberalism) – tend to vote for liberals/believe in one true religion
  6. Feelings (emotionality) – experience emotions intensely/seldom get emotional
A

Openness to Experience

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16
Q

What Facets are encompassed by extraversion? (6)

A

Facets (Interpersonal)

  1. Warmth (friendliness) - make friends easily/am hard to get to know
  2. Gregariousness – love large parties/prefer to be alone
  3. Assertiveness – take charge/wait for others to lead the way

Facets (Temperamental)

  1. Activity (activity level) – am always busy/like to take it easy
  2. Excitement Seeking – love excitement/dislike loud music
  3. Positive Emotions (cheerfulness) – radiate joy/am seldom amused
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17
Q

The following facets make up which trait?

  1. Trust – trust others/distrust people
  2. Straightforwardness (cooperation) – am easy to satisfy/have a sharp tongue
  3. Altruism – make people feel welcome/look down on others
  4. Compliance (morality) – would never cheat on taxes/use flattery to get ahead
  5. Modesty – dislike being venter of attention/think highly of myself
  6. Tender-Mindedness (sympathy) – sympathize with the homeless/believe in eye for eye
A

Agreeableness

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18
Q

Conscientiousness is encompassed by the facets: (6)

A
  • Competence (self-efficacy) – complete tasks successfully/misjudge situations
  • Order (orderliness) – like order/leave a mess
  • Achievement striving – work hard/do just enough to get by
  • Self-discipline – get chores done right away/waste my time
  • Deliberation (cautiousness) – avoid mistakes/rush into things
  • Dutifulness – follow the rules/break rules
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19
Q

Costa and McCrae largely found stability across

A

the big 5 in early adulthood

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20
Q

What else did costa and McCrae find in early adulthood? (3)

A
  1. N decreases from 20s to 50s
  2. C and A increase
  3. Nonetheless, interpreted that personality is stable after 30
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21
Q

What did Costa find about personality in middle age?(2)

A
  1. N, E and O significantly decreased during 40s/early 50s. Few life events seem to correlate with these life changes
  2. A & C remained relatively stable
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22
Q

What is perceived control?

A

extent to which individuals believe they can control events they experience

23
Q

What is emotion regulation?

A

Typical strength of individuals’ emotional responsiveness in their everyday life

24
Q

What did Kandler find about personality in old age? (3)

A
  1. Increase in N, decrease in A, C, O, E
  2. No significant difference in perceptions of control and emotional regulation
  3. Decrease in subjective well being
25
Q

Why might N increase in late adulthood?

A

They may be becoming wary of health-risks and dangers of everyday life

26
Q

Why might E and A decrease in late adulthood?

A

They might be more selective in their activities and investments in social relationships

27
Q

Why might O decrease in late adulthood?

A

They become selective in their cultural and intellectual activities

28
Q

Why might C decrease in late adulthood?

A

They become selective in the effort they can put into being orderly and dutiful

29
Q

What are 2 trait theory criticisms?

A

It is reductionist and has no story

30
Q

What is meant by the reductionist criticism?

A

Better for predicting behavioral trends in genetic situations

Ex: distinction between depression & anxiety (N) in a clinical setting

31
Q

What is meant by the criticism that there is no story?

A
  • What about context/situational factors?
  • ‘psychology of the stranger’ (McAdams, 1992)

There’s not a personal touch to it. I wouldn’t be able to identify someone in this crowd from scores on the big 5.

32
Q

In the second level of analysis which is personal concerns, what is responsible for changes in personality?

A

Changes in needs and motivations

33
Q

What is the focus by personal concern theories?

A

There is a focus on context rather than just content - as our lives and life changes so do we.

34
Q

The Stage Theory of Lifespan Personality Development was proposed by?

A

Erikson

35
Q

Erikson said personality develops as a result of

A

how 8 life tasks are resolved

36
Q

What is the criticism that Erikson received?

A

It is hard to falsify - more like armchair philosophy without empirical work

37
Q

how does each stage work as defined by Erikson?

A

Each task involves a struggle between two opposing tendencies. To resolve, must balance these tendencies

38
Q

Optimal resolution results in

A

basic strength (virtue)

39
Q

Suboptimal resolution results in

A

maladaptive or malignancy

40
Q

Logan reviewed Erikson’s stages and described 3 main life tasks which were?

A
  1. Build Trust
  2. Achievement
  3. Understand Ourselves (identity)

He said the cycle begins in again in adulthood

41
Q

What was Cox et al. interested in?

A

To what extent are dispositional (FFM) and developmental (generativity) factors associated with psychosocial adaptation in midlife?

42
Q

Dispositional meaning

A

midlife adaptation should be a function of positive personality traits (ex: extraversion, emotional stability, conscientiousness, agreeableness)

43
Q

Developmental meaning

A

midlife adaptation should be a function of the extent to which a person had the developmental demands of midlife (e.g., generativity)

44
Q

Cox found dispositional factors were more associated with

A

well being. the big 5 had a stronger association: low on N, high on E and mid-on C, generativity was also associated

45
Q

Cox found developmental factors were more associated with

A

Positive societal engagement: generativity was the highest association (ex: volunteering at church, coaches for kids sports teams)

46
Q

T or F? There are some links in terms of well-being and positive societal engagement with the big 5 and generativity

A

True

47
Q

T or F? generativity was associated with high levels of E & O

A

True

48
Q

What did Torges find on the realtionship between generativity and ego integrity?

A

Study 1:
o Resolving regret earlier in midlife predicts higher levels of ego integrity a decade later
o Resolving regrets in late midlife also corresponds with concurrently greater ego integrity
Study 2:
o Higher levels of generativity earlier in midlife predicted higher levels of ego integrity in late midlife

49
Q

Explain the Multidimensioanl Model of Generativity

A
  1. Generative Concern
    - Concern for the next generation, ex: climate strike
    - Coupled with the general belief in the goodness of human kind leads to…
  2. Generative Commitment to give back
  3. Which leads to action
  4. Which gives one meaning
50
Q

Fears of mortality and aging lead to…(3)

A

emotional distress, behavioral changes and turmoil

51
Q

What are 2 empirical challenges to the midlife crisis idea?

A

The big 5 and the berkley longitudinal study that found the majority of men were satisfied with their jobs and had exceeded their fathers

52
Q

So why do people continue to believe in midlife crises?

A

The media & its a catch all

53
Q

What might be an explanation for midlife crises?

A

People might just have the means to afford a new motorcycle at that point in their life

Adulthood & Aging (11 decks)

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