Memory

Question 1

What is memory?

Answer 1

ability to encode information and retrieve it when needed

Question 2

What is the biggest fear of adults over 65?

Answer 2

loss of memory

Question 3

Memory deficits can be due to inefficiencies

Answer 3

o Effective encoding

o Effective retrieval

Question 4

Why is effortful processing important?

Answer 4

Results in deep vs shallow processing

Question 5

Explain the study by Criak & Lockheart in relation to effortful processing

Answer 5

Respond as quickly as they can
o Is this upper case or lower case (worst recall)
o Do these two words rhyme? (middle)
o Does this word fit into the sentence? (best recall)

• They argued that the level/depth of processing will determine the strength of the memory test

Question 6

How do older adults fair in event-based vs. time-based

Answer 6

Do well in event based: when you see john, tell him about the tickets

VS

Not so good in time-based prospective: remember to call home at 3pm

Question 7

Why did Craik & McDowd think that older adults were performing similarly to younger adults in recognition but not recall? What are they relying on?

Answer 7

• Recognition offers some contextual information that recall does not include needed by older adults
• When there are cues at test and recall older adults are performing just as well as younger adults
• Therefore, older adults rely on context and environmental cues to support their memory

Question 8

What is sensory memory>

Answer 8

gate keeper of sensory information. Retain that information for half a second to 3 seconds. Argued that there is no capacity.

Question 9

What is required for sensory memory?

Answer 9

Attention is required to select the information that is important and put it into short term memory.

Question 10

What is the length of STM?

Answer 10

Lasts about 10-15 seconds unless its being rehearsed.

Question 11

STM and LTM interact in 2 ways…

Answer 11

1. If items in STM are rehearsed it will be stormed to LTM.
2. When you encounter new information, you use the memory already in LTM to perceive the new information. LTM helps us guide our attention

Question 12

All incoming information is processed in the…

Answer 12

sensory store

Question 13

What studies suggest that sensory losses account for declines in cognitive performance?

Answer 13

 Degraded stimuli to try to turn young into old
 Measured what those effects would be on memory
 When young people only have degraded stimuli, they remember as much as the adults

Question 14

What are the 2 components of the Short Term Store?

Answer 14

Primary and working memory?

Question 15

Working memory is related to what type of intelligence?

Answer 15

Gf

Question 16

Give examples of Primary memory

Answer 16

Since it is passive storage,

a. Ex: passively storing the words coming out of his mouth
b. Ex: remember the sequence of squares highlighted

Question 17

Give an example of Working memory

Answer 17

Since it is active processing

a. Allows you play with the sentence, analyze it. When you remember the start of a sentence so the end makes sense

Question 18

What is the goal of the operation span task?

Answer 18

remember the word and do math

Question 19

Do PM and WM change with age?

Answer 19

• Decline in WM with age
• Relative stability and little decline in PM
• The older the cohort, the larger the decline in WM

Question 20

What is semantic memory?

Answer 20

• Used for everyday facts and info

Question 21

Semantic memory is well preserved except for…

Answer 21

the tip of the tongue phenomenon

Question 22

semantic memory relies on the

Answer 22

perihippocampal cortex

Question 23

What is episodic memory?

Answer 23

• Remembering autobiographical events

- Involves memory of the context, emotions, who, what , where, and when

Question 24

episodic memory declines with

Answer 24

age

Question 25

episodic memory declines with

Answer 25

age