personality change+development Flashcards

1
Q

key question

A

can personality change?

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2
Q

can personality change?

william james

A

most of us, by the age of 30, the character has set like plaster

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3
Q

shoda, mischel+peake 1990

marshmallow test

A
4 yr olds completed a gratification task
11-14 years later they were re-examined
delay as child was associated with;
greater planfulness,
greater stress tolerance
better SAT scores
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4
Q

Personality stability
costa+McMrae
big 5

A

report correlations of ~0.65 for the Big 5 over a 2 year period over the age of 30

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5
Q

what 6 things cause personality stability

A
genetic influences
environmental influences
environmental selection
freedom from disruptive life changes
psychological resources
identity formation
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6
Q

what are the 2 types of stability

A

mean-level stability

rank order stability

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7
Q

what is mean level stability

A

an absolute change in the individuals level of trait over time

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8
Q

what is rank order stability

A

a change in one’s personality trait relative to others

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9
Q

evidence for mean level stability

srivastava et al 2003

A

openness decreases
conscientiousness increases but plateaus after 30
extraversion increases in men but decreased in women
agreeableness increases, especially after 30
neuroticism decreased in women only

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10
Q

what causes a mean level personality change?

A

life circumstances and social roles
may become a mother so become more responsible, tolerant, feminine, less sociable+self accepting
homemakers become more independent
become more confident due to becoming leader of group

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11
Q

what causes a mean level personality change?

roberts et al 2003

A

found work attainment associated with increased confidence+sociability+decreased anxiety

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12
Q

Historical change in personality

Jean Twenge found;

A

self esteem increased
extraversion rises
neuroticism rises
woman’s assertiveness rises-war

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13
Q

Erikson and 8 life stages
how life stages impact personality
the 8 stages

A
INFANT-18 months
trust vs. mistrust
18 MONTHS-3yr
autonomy vs. shame
3-5YRS
initiative vs. guilt
5-13YRS
industry vs. inferiority
13-21YRS
identity vs. role confusion
21-39 YRS
intimacy vs. isolation
40-65YRS
generativity vs. stagnation
65+ ego integrity vs. despair
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14
Q

Erikson and 8 life stages

what is this

A

psycho social conflicts that must be overcome to adjust well to the environment
we must face each crisis otherwise it impacts our psycho social development

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15
Q

2 lay theories of personality

A

incremental theory

entity theory

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16
Q

2 lay theories of personality

incremental theory

A

personality is malleable and people can change their characteristics

17
Q

2 lay theories of personality

entity theory

A

personality is fixed+cannot change

18
Q

what 5 reasons might we need psychology assessment

A
forensic psychology
organisational psychology
clinical psychology
educational psychology 
counselling psychology
19
Q

4 weaknesses of measuring personality

A

subjective assessment
no effective source of info about the person
the object being measured knows it is
traits are not directly observable

20
Q

what is reliability

A

does the measurement give consistent, error free and dependable results

21
Q

3 types of reliability

A

internal
inter-rater
test-retest

22
Q

what is internal reliability

A

all test items should correlated with each other

23
Q

what is inter-rater reliability

A

are the results the same when given by a different person

24
Q

what is test retest reliability

A

are the results the same when given on a different occassion

25
what is validity
does the measurement measure what it intended to measure
26
2 types of validity
content | predictive
27
what is content validity
appropriate content being used
28
what is predictive validity
predicts a criterion that will happen in the future
29
4 examples of personality measurements
interviews personality inventories projective tests implicit personality tests
30
personality measurements interviews critiques
``` can be structured, un+semi time consuming subjective half effect self fulfilling prophecy confirmation bias ```
31
personality measurements | personality inventories
most common method e.g self reports use questionnaires or scales X-random responding defensive answers
32
personality measurements | projective tests
a person responds to an ambiguous stimuli revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts based on assumption personality will be projected onto stimuli penetrate deeper levels of personality E.g TaT test Rorschach test
33
personality measurements projective tests evaluation
good- rapid responses hard to fake bad-time consuming wild interpretation encouraged
34
personality measurements | implicit personality tests
automatic association between objects
35
2 attraction theory examples
repulsion hypothesis- people are repulsed by dissimilar people similarity hypothesis- attracted to similar people
36
what is fatal attraction
when a quality a partner comes to dislike is an exaggerated version of a used to be positive one e.g. caring to clingy
37
steinberg's triangular theory of love | 1998
romantic love intimacy compassionate love commitment passion fatuous love
38
what 3 ways is forgiveness important?
impact on mental health positive methods of coping with hurt revenge thoughts lead to anger
39
forgiveness+personality
``` O-non sig C-weakly positive E-positive A-positive N-negative ```