explaining personality Flashcards
psychoanalytical approaches
3 sub theories
topographic
structural
genetic
psychoanalytical approaches]
topographic
levels of mental life; conscious, preconscious, unconscious
psychoanalytical approaches
structural
organisation of the personality; Id, Ego+super-ego
psychoanalytical approaches
genetic
stages of personality development
psychosexual stages
psychoanalytical approaches
id
pleasure principle
instincts and desires
impulsive
incapable of delay of gratification`
psychoanalytical approaches
ego
partly conscious
mediated between id+ego
reality principle
psychoanalytical approaches
super ego
moral sense
unconscious
internalised ‘parental voice’
psychoanalytical approaches
stages
oral 0-2 anal 2-3 phallic 3-7 latency 7-11 genetic 11+
psychoanalytical approaches
critiques
determinism
instinct theory-sex+aggression
unreliable/not scientific
Biological approaches
evolutionary approaches
natural selection
selective neutrality
frequency-dependent selection
Biological approaches
frequency-dependent selection
an evolutionary process by which the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency relative to other phenotype in a population
Biological approaches
selective neutrality
extroverts; more sexual partners, more likely to be hospitalised
introverts; more likely to live long enough to reproduce
balance; extroverts who did survive long enough to reproduce would have more offspring.
Biological approaches
what is a gene
DNA
Biological approaches
what is a phenotype
outward manifestation e.g. physical appearance
Biological approaches
2 theories
eysenck’s general arousal theory
grays reinforcement sensitivity theory
Biological approaches
eysenck’s general arousal theory
individual differences in personality as a result of differences in brain functioning
personality traits are inherited
focused on extraversion, neuroticism+psychoticism (PEN) model
2 neural mechanisms; excitatory+inhibitory
Biological approaches
eysenck’s general arousal theory
extraversion
the difference between introverts+extroverts is their level of arousal, for extroverts, their level is lower and hence they look for stimulation
Biological approaches
eysenck’s general arousal theory
neuroticism
high neuroticism=high stress+anxiety
low neuroticism= more emotional stability
Biological approaches
eysenck’s general arousal theory
psychoticism
high psychoticism= likely to engage in irresponsible behaviour and this is influenced by biological factors
Biological approaches
grays reinforcement sensitivity theory
there are 2 separate reward+punishment systems in the brain that are important in the development of personality
behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system
Biological approaches
grays reinforcement sensitivity theory
behavioural inhibition system
increase in CNS arousal+attention
freezing in anticipation of danger
learn better about punishment
Biological approaches
grays reinforcement sensitivity theory
behavioural activation system
learn better about reward outcomes
drawn to desired stimuli
explain the reward-directed behaviour
neurotransmitter theories
RDS
reward dependence system
the tendency to respond to signals of reward
when reward dependence levels deviate from normal we see the rise of personality+addictive disorders
neurotransmitter theories
BFS
behavioural facilitation system
the pursuits of one’s goals
neurotransmitter theories
carver
serotonin=agression
cognitive approach
what is it
focus on ways of thinking and construction of meaning
personalities are different due to the ways we think being different
cognitive approach
locus of control
the outcomes of our behaviour are in our control or out of it
cognitive approach
self-efficiacy
belief in our ability to carry out desired behaviour
cognitive approach
4 approaches
constructing-personal constructs
representing- the self
explaining-attributional style
coping-styles
cognitive approach
constructing-personal constructs
humans are driven to understand, predict+control our environments
personal construct theories to assist in this
each person has a system of constructs (personality) to perceive the world
cognitive approach
explaining-attributional style
attributes are about how we explain the world
people aim to determine the causes of events and experiences
attributions differ on dimensions;
internal vs. external
stable vs. unstable
global vs. specific
focus on negative event
cognitive approach
coping-styles
people differ in coping strategies;
emotion or problem focused
controllable situation=problem focused
cognitive approach
representing-the self
the self is a mental representation of one’s personal attributes
2 individual differences relating to it; self-esteem+self-complexity
cognitive approach
what is self esteem
the degree to which the self is valued
cognitive approach
what is self complexity
degree to which the structure is complex
number of self aspects
