explaining personality Flashcards

1
Q

psychoanalytical approaches

3 sub theories

A

topographic
structural
genetic

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2
Q

psychoanalytical approaches]

topographic

A

levels of mental life; conscious, preconscious, unconscious

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3
Q

psychoanalytical approaches

structural

A

organisation of the personality; Id, Ego+super-ego

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4
Q

psychoanalytical approaches

genetic

A

stages of personality development

psychosexual stages

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5
Q

psychoanalytical approaches

id

A

pleasure principle
instincts and desires
impulsive
incapable of delay of gratification`

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6
Q

psychoanalytical approaches

ego

A

partly conscious
mediated between id+ego
reality principle

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7
Q

psychoanalytical approaches

super ego

A

moral sense
unconscious
internalised ‘parental voice’

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8
Q

psychoanalytical approaches

stages

A
oral 0-2
anal 2-3
phallic 3-7
latency 7-11
genetic 11+
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9
Q

psychoanalytical approaches

critiques

A

determinism
instinct theory-sex+aggression
unreliable/not scientific

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10
Q

Biological approaches

evolutionary approaches

A

natural selection
selective neutrality
frequency-dependent selection

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11
Q

Biological approaches

frequency-dependent selection

A

an evolutionary process by which the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency relative to other phenotype in a population

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12
Q

Biological approaches

selective neutrality

A

extroverts; more sexual partners, more likely to be hospitalised
introverts; more likely to live long enough to reproduce
balance; extroverts who did survive long enough to reproduce would have more offspring.

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13
Q

Biological approaches

what is a gene

A

DNA

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14
Q

Biological approaches

what is a phenotype

A

outward manifestation e.g. physical appearance

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15
Q

Biological approaches

2 theories

A

eysenck’s general arousal theory

grays reinforcement sensitivity theory

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16
Q

Biological approaches

eysenck’s general arousal theory

A

individual differences in personality as a result of differences in brain functioning
personality traits are inherited
focused on extraversion, neuroticism+psychoticism (PEN) model
2 neural mechanisms; excitatory+inhibitory

17
Q

Biological approaches
eysenck’s general arousal theory
extraversion

A

the difference between introverts+extroverts is their level of arousal, for extroverts, their level is lower and hence they look for stimulation

18
Q

Biological approaches
eysenck’s general arousal theory
neuroticism

A

high neuroticism=high stress+anxiety

low neuroticism= more emotional stability

19
Q

Biological approaches
eysenck’s general arousal theory
psychoticism

A

high psychoticism= likely to engage in irresponsible behaviour and this is influenced by biological factors

20
Q

Biological approaches

grays reinforcement sensitivity theory

A

there are 2 separate reward+punishment systems in the brain that are important in the development of personality
behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system

21
Q

Biological approaches
grays reinforcement sensitivity theory
behavioural inhibition system

A

increase in CNS arousal+attention
freezing in anticipation of danger
learn better about punishment

22
Q

Biological approaches
grays reinforcement sensitivity theory
behavioural activation system

A

learn better about reward outcomes
drawn to desired stimuli
explain the reward-directed behaviour

23
Q

neurotransmitter theories
RDS
reward dependence system

A

the tendency to respond to signals of reward

when reward dependence levels deviate from normal we see the rise of personality+addictive disorders

24
Q

neurotransmitter theories
BFS
behavioural facilitation system

A

the pursuits of one’s goals

25
neurotransmitter theories | carver
serotonin=agression
26
cognitive approach | what is it
focus on ways of thinking and construction of meaning | personalities are different due to the ways we think being different
27
cognitive approach | locus of control
the outcomes of our behaviour are in our control or out of it
28
cognitive approach | self-efficiacy
belief in our ability to carry out desired behaviour
29
cognitive approach | 4 approaches
constructing-personal constructs representing- the self explaining-attributional style coping-styles
30
cognitive approach | constructing-personal constructs
humans are driven to understand, predict+control our environments personal construct theories to assist in this each person has a system of constructs (personality) to perceive the world
31
cognitive approach | explaining-attributional style
attributes are about how we explain the world people aim to determine the causes of events and experiences attributions differ on dimensions; internal vs. external stable vs. unstable global vs. specific focus on negative event
32
cognitive approach | coping-styles
people differ in coping strategies; emotion or problem focused controllable situation=problem focused
33
cognitive approach | representing-the self
the self is a mental representation of one's personal attributes 2 individual differences relating to it; self-esteem+self-complexity
34
cognitive approach | what is self esteem
the degree to which the self is valued
35
cognitive approach | what is self complexity
degree to which the structure is complex | number of self aspects